Conductive shape-memory nanocomposites have the ability to change their shape upon the application of voltage. This presentation discusses design and performance criteria for carbon-nanofiber, oxidized carbon-nanofiber, and carbon black-filled, conductive shape-memory polyurethane composites. A comparative analysis of synthesis and processing methods, the nature of conductive fillers, and filler-matrix interactions will be presented. The presentation will also discuss the origin of positive-temperature-coefficient effects in nanocomposites and their relationship to matrix crystallinity, filler-matrix interactions, and thermal expansion.