Biocides
"A biocide is a chemical substance capable of killing living organisms, usually in a selective way. Biocides are commonly used in medicine, agriculture, forestry, and in industry where they prevent the fouling of water and oil pipelines. Some substances used as biocides are also employed as anti-fouling agents or disinfectants under other circumstances: chlorine, for example, is used as a short-life biocide in industrial water treatment but as a disinfectant in swimming pools. Many biocides are synthetic, but a class of natural biocides, derived from e.g. bacteria and plants, includes brassica oleracea, brassica oleracea gemmifera, and clostridium botulinum bacteria.” (Wikipedia, Biocides, 1/10/2011)
“As used herein, an "antimicrobial agent" is an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms, and particularly pathogenic microorganisms. The major classes of microorganisms are bacteria, fungi including mold and mildew, yeasts, and algae. Microorganisms can be found in the air, the water, in and on the human body and bodies of animals, soil, wastes, and on all surfaces. The microorganisms are deposited from the air, food and drink spills, dust, dirt and tracked in soil, and from human and animal excreta such as sweat, urine, and feces. Organisms grow and multiply when there is available a nutrient source of food such as organic or inorganic material contained in such wastes, dirt, dust, and living tissue. For growth and multiplication, most microorganisms also require warm temperatures, and moisture. When these conditions exist, microorganisms multiply, grow and flourish. Microbial growth, however, leads to many problems, such as unpleasant odors ranging from stale to musty and mildew-like, to putrid and foul smelling, resembling ammonia. The growths also produce unsightly stains, discoloration, and deterioration of many surfaces and materials in which they come into contact. A more serious disadvantage of microbial growth is the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, their metabolic products and their somatic and reproductive cell parts, which contribute to the spread of disease, infection, and health disorders.” [Getman et al, US Patent 7,858,141 (12/28/2010)]
Ammonium Biocides
Antibiotics
Antimicrobial Elastomers /Rubber
Antimicrobial Fibers
Bactericides
Biocidal Coatings
Chitosan Biocides
Compounding
Copper Biocides
Fungicides
Silver Biocides
Triclosan
Recent US Patents
9/13/2011
8,017,667
Antimicrobial packaging material
Miltz et al of Victoria University, Australia, and Technion, Israel, developed an antimicrobial packaging material for food stuffs containing from 0.05% to 1.5% by weight of a natural essential oil. The oil can be selected from primarily linalool and/or methylchavicol, but also from one or more of citral, geraniol, methyl cinnamate, methyl eugenol, 1,8-cineole, trans-a-bergamotene, carvacrol and thymol blended with one or more polymers selected from ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyacrylates, including ethyl acrylate methyl methacrylate copolymers, lonomers, nylons and other hydrophilic polymers or polymers possessing functional groups capable of partially anchoring the additives and the blender mix is coated onto the food contact face of a food grade packaging film or incorporated into a food grade packaging film. A binding agent such as polyethylene glycol is added to the blend to improve the retention of the volatile oil in the polymer during processing. This material has no regulatory limitations and, at the referred concentrations, does not form detectable off-flavors. (RDC 9/15/2011)
Recent Journal Articles
Influence of alkyl chain length and molecular weight on the surface functionalization via adsorption/entrapment with biocidal cationic block copolymers
(2379-2390) European Polymer Journal 47 #12 (2011)
Berndt, Behnke and Ulbricht of the Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany functionalized polysulfone (PSf) films with block copolymers containing poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) as anchor block which is able to firmly tether the biocidal quaternized poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMAq) to the surface. Block copolymers were synthesized using sequential atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and quaternization with methyl and/or octyl groups rendered the polymers biocidal. (RDC 11/16/2011)
Synthesis, extraction, and anti-bacterial studies of some new bis-1,2,4-triazole derivatives part I
(2011–2019)Journal of Applied Polymer Science 123 #4 (2012)
Gumrukcuoglu et al, Turkey, prepared a series of new bis triazole Schiff base derivatives by treatment of 4-amino-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole with bisaldehydes . Schiff bases were reduced with NaBH4 to afford the corresponding bisaminotriazoles . (RDC 11/2/2011)
Polysiloxanes With Quaternary Ammonium Salt Biocidal Functions and Their Behavior When Incorporated Into a Silicone Elastomer Network
(576-589) Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 21 #3 (2011)
Fortuniak et al, France and Poland prepared polysiloxanes of various structures having biocidal quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) groups pendant to the polymer chain were prepared. . Selected polysiloxanes were linear polydimethylsiloxanes having 20% siloxane units substituted at silicon by 3(dimethyl-n-octylammonio)propyl chloride or 3(dimethyl-n-hexadecylammonio)propyl chloride and terminated by silanol functions at both chain ends. They were crosslinked and also incorporated by co-crosslinking into an RTV (room temperature vulcanized) silicone elastomer. Thousand-fold reduction of Staphylococcus aureus in contact with the dimethyl-n-octylammonio substituted polymer was achieved in 2 min and in contact with the elastomer containing 20 wt% of this polymer in 15 min, although the density of the QAS was as low as 0.36 mmol/g. (RDC 9/14/2011)
SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF AMPHIPHILIC COPOLYMER DERIVATIVES
(611-618) Polymers and Polymer Composites 19 #7 (2011)
Bai et al synthesized aseries of antimicrobial amphiphilic quaternised copolymers through glycidyl methacrylate and styrene after poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-styrene) modified by introduction of chloroethylic groups using chloroacetyl chloride. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained copolymers was evaluated against the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilus, Staphyloccocus aureus Rosenbach and the fungus Monilia albican by the cut-plug method and Luria-Bertani broth suspended method. The research showed that the copolymer with the molar ratio of monomers 30:70 was the most effective against the microorganisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the polymer with against Staphyloccocus aureus Rosenbach and Monilia albican were found to be 31.3 and 32.1 (mu) g/mL, respectively, and these copolymers did not have any haemolytic action for mammalian erythrocytes. (RDC 9/2/2011)
Antimicrobial effectiveness of chitosan-essential oil coated plastic films against foodborne pathogens
(235-248) Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting 27 #3 (2011)
Torlak and Nizamlioğlu of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Selcuk University, Turkey, studied the antimicrobial efficacy of polypropylene (PP) films coated with chitosan solutions (2% wt/v) and chitosan solutions enriched with essential oils (EOs) against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Kashar cheese slices. Oregano and clove oils were incorporated into film solutions at 1% (v/v). Inoculated cheese samples were wrapped with films and stored at 4°C for 14 days. Antimicrobial effectiveness of films against each of three pathogens was measured by plate counts performed on 1, 7, and 14 days of storage. It was found that the antimicrobial effectiveness of all film types against three pathogens were statistically significant (p < 0.05), with films containing oregano oil showed greater antimicrobial effect on pathogens than films containing clove oil. Results suggest that chitosan is an ideal biopolymer for coating onto PP films, and EOs have the potential to be used in antimicrobial coated plastic film prepared from biopolymers. (RDC 8/23/2011)
Biodegradable Water Soluble Copolymer for Antimicrobial Applications
(225-229) Journal of Polymers and the Environment 19 #1 (2011)
Kumar et al of Sri Krishnadevaraya University, India studied water soluble and optically active DL-malic acid (DMA) and citric acid (CA) copolymers as antibacterial agents. The copolymers were synthesized by direct bulk melt condensation in the absence of a catalyst above 150 °C. The results obtained shows the above copolymers possess a broad wound dressing activity against different types of bacteria and may be useful as antibacterial agents. (RDC 4/22/2011)