Supramolecular Polymers
Supramolecular polymers consist of monomers or low molecular weight prepolymers bonded by hydrogen bonds. In conventional polymers, the units are bonded by covalent bonds. These hydrogen bonds are reversible than covalent bonds in that heat to relatively low temperatures and stress will break the bonds. For example, in coating technology, it is necessary to have a polymer which has a low viscosity under high-speed shear when it is being applied and which becomes viscous again after it has been applied. An example is imidazolidone compounds which readily forms hydrogen bonds. The right mixture including additives can after mixing and cooling -form a thermoset-like material with all molecules becoming part of the hydrogen bondin network. (RDC 11/4/2010)
(Tournilhac et al of Arkema France, US Patent 7,750,113, 7/6/2010)
Recent US Patents
9/7/2010
7,790,061
Directed assembly of three-dimensional structures with micron-scale features
Gratson and Lewis of the University of Illinois have developed a printing method of producing three dimensional microstructures by printing using polyelectrolyte inks. This printing includes lithography, two-photon polymerization and colloidal self assembly. Polyelectrolyte, 10 micron diameter filaments are produced consisting of a complex of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. (RDC 11/29/2010)
7/6/2010
7,750,113
Supramolecular polymers
Tournilhac et al of Arkema France has developed a supermolecular material based in mixtures of molecules with hydrogen bonding groups.
Recent Journal Articles
Hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers from derivatives of α-amino-ε-caprolactam: A bio-based material
(2451–2460)Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 49 #11 (2011)
Tarkin-Tas, Lange and Mathias of the University of Southern Mississippi, Mississippi, prepared hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers from the derivatives of α-amino-ε-caprolactam (ACL), obtained from a renewable resource. The supramolecular behavior was also supported by fiber formation from the melt for several of these compounds, and stable glassy materials were prepared from the physical mixtures of two different biscaprolactams. The transformation of this liquid oligomer at room temperature into a self-standing, transparent film clearly showed the improvement in mechanical properties obtained by the introduction of terminal hydrogen-bonding groups. Finally, the use of monomers with a functionality of four gave rise to network formation either alone or combination with bifunctional monomers. (RDC 4/22/2011)
Effect of self-complementary motifs on phase compatibility and material properties in blends of supramolecular polymers
(6303-6312) Polymer 51 #26 (2010)
Shokrollahi et al of the Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Iran and the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom studied the applicability of supramolecular polymers blending in preparation of materials with tunable properties is reported. The effect of strongly dimerising 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) end groups on phase compatibility in binary polymer blends was studied. The findings indicate that blend components are placed in intimate contact as a result of the UPy–UPy interactions. The reversible crosslinking by PCL(UPy)3 gave better control still over the mechanical properties of the supramolecular polymer blends. (RDC 1/27/2011)
Aggregation and Chain Dynamics in Supramolecular Polymers by Dynamic Rheology: Cluster Formation and Self-Aggregation
(10006–10016) Macromolecules 43 #23 (2010)
Herbst et al of the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg studied supramolecular polyisobutylenes (PIB) bearing mono- and bifunctional chain ends with hydrogen-bonding units.. At temperatures of 20−60 °C all samples display strongly thermoreversible aggregation with sheet-type or partially cross-linked structures, which deaggregate at temperatures of 80 °C. (RDC 1/18/2011)
Tetrakis(arylisocyanide) Rhodium(I) Salts in Water: NIR Luminescent and Conductive Supramolecular Polymeric Nanowires with Hierarchical Organization
(pages 9968–9971)Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49 #51 (2010)
Chen et al of The University of Hong Kong, China use self assembly to form ultralong crystalline nanofibers of amphiphilic tetrakis(2,6-xylylisocyanide)rhodium(I) complexes through hydrophobic interactions, into ultralong crystalline nanowires and in turn hierarchically organize into a variety of ordered micro- and macrostructures. These solution-processable organometallic superstructures are luminescent in the near-infrared (NIR) region and are electrically conducting. (RDC 12/14/2010)
Supramolecular Porous Network Formed by Molecular Recognition between Chemically Modified Nucleobases Guanine and Cytosine
(9373–9377)Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49 #49 (2010)
Xu et al formed highly ordered supramolecular porous structure formed by co-deposition of biomimetically modified nucleobases cytosine and guanine onto a Au(111) surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions on the basis of Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding. (RDC 12/14/2010)
Tuning the size of supramolecular single-chain polymer nanoparticles
( 118–126) Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 49 #1 (2011)
Foster, Berda and Meijer od Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands have developed a method for folding polymer chains into nanoparticles using intramolecular, supramolecular interactions. A study of a family of poly(norbornenes) with varying molecular weights showed that larger structures are formed as a result of the interplay between the movement of the nanoparticles on the surface and the evaporation of solvent. (RDC 12/9/2010)
Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures functionalised with fullerenes
(9089-9099) Chemical Communications #48 (2010)
Mateo-Alonsio review materials consisting of interlocked molecules functionalized with fullerenes. (RDC 12/2/2010)
Programmed High-Hole-Mobility Supramolecular Polymers from Disk-Shaped Molecules
(pages 3941–3947)Advanced Functional Materials 20 #22 (2010)
Zhang et al formed of two-dimensional (2D) arrays of very-high molecular weight (MW) 1D-Pc supramolecular inorganic polymers by solution casting of fluoroaluminium tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine. (RDC 11/29/2010)
Synthesis and Creep-Recovery Behavior of a Neat Viscoelastic Polymeric Network Formed through Electrostatic Interactions
(9529–9533) Macromolecules 43 #22 (2010)
Wathier and Grinstaff from Boston University formed a supramolecular polymeric ionic network between a dicationic phosphonium ionic liquid and the carboxylate residues of poly(acrylic acid). Creep-recovery experiments show the polymer ionic network exhibits viscoelasticity. (RDC 11/24/2010)
Filamentous Supramolecular Structures
(pages 49–58) Macromolecular Symposia 296 #1 (2010)
Burchard of Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Germany studied the formation of four filament forming proteins by light scattering as a function of the scattering angle. A minimum cross-sectional diameter of 2 nm appeared to be necessary for filament stabilization. (RDC 11/24/2010)
Highly charged supramolecular oligomers based on the dimerization of corannulene tetraanion
(9010-9012 ) Chemical Communications #47 (2010)
Eisenberg et al found that lithium metal reduction of bicorannulenyl induces the formation of reversible, supramolecular oligomers featuring highly-charged buckybowls in their backbone. (RDC 11/23/2010)
Structure and properties of polysaccharide nanocrystal-doped supramolecular hydrogels based on Cyclodextrin inclusion
(4398-4407) Polymer 51 #19 (2010)
Zhang et al added polysaccharide nanocrystals, such as the rod-like whiskers of cellulose and chitin, and platelet-like starch nanocrystals into supramolecular hydrogels based on cyclodextrin/polymer inclusion in order to enhance mechanical strength and regulate drug release behavior. As expected, the elastic modulus of the nanocomposite hydrogels climbed, owing to the reinforcing function of the polysaccharide nanocrystals. The modulus of the cellulose whisker-doped hydrogel was 50 times higher than that of the native hydrogel. Furthermore, the presence of polysaccharide nanocrystals increased the stability of the hydrogel framework and inhibited the diffusion of bovine serum albumin, which served as a model protein drug in the nanocomposite hydrogels and showed prominent sustained release profiles. Importantly, the incorporation of polysaccharide nanocrystals did not show additional cytotoxicity as comparison with the native hydrogel. (RDC 12/19/2010)
