Titanates
Titanates are various multiple oxides of titanium dioxide with other metallic oxides or a titanium ester of the general formula of Ti(OR)4 . (Merriam-Webster. 7/2/2010)
Titanates are coupling agents based on titanium compounds. These coupling agents form nanometer monomolecular layer on the surface of any inorganic or organic material. They can form chemical bridges with non-reactive fillers such as calcium carbonate, carbon black, silica and other metal oxides with polymers.
Titanate Structure
Titanates function in six different ways;
1. Coupling reactions by hydroylsis with surface hydroxy groups or protons
2. Catalysis by the tetravalent Ti and Zr atoms,
3. Addition of functional groups such as phosphato, pyrophosphato, sulfonyl or carboxyl groups
4. Thermoplastic functional groups aliphatic and non-polar isopropyl, butyl, octyl, isostearoyl, dodecylbenzyl or aromatic benzyl and cumyl phenyl groups
5. Thermoset functional groups such as acryl, methacryl, mercapto and amino groups which increase crosslink denisty
6. Mixed functional groups
(RDC 6/17/2010) (from Salvatore J.Monte, 5/19/2010)
Titanate Coupling to a Particle
"Ken-React Reference Manual-Titanate, Zirconate and Aluminum Coupling Agents" Kenrich Petrochemicals, Inc. (1995) Kenrich Petrochemicals