The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
The SPE Library is just one of the great benefits of being an SPE member! Are you taking advantage of all of your SPE Benefits?
In-mold decoration (IMD) becomes a more and more popular process recently due to its high manufacturing efficiency; therefore, it is important to investigate and realize the complicated process mechanism of IMD. In this study, a PC film is attached to the cavity side for observing the heat hesitation effect. This effect will be compared with that in conventional injection molding (without PC film) both experimentally and numerically.Through the comparison between all experimental and simulation results, we can find both experiments and simulation are in a good agreement.
Shreyas Chakravarti, Hongtao Shi, Jos van Gisbergen, Nina Vaze, May 2010
Extrusion blow molding using cylindrical-shaped parisons has been the process of choice for the production of plastic fuel tanks (PFT) for the automotive industry. A revolutionary process called twin-sheet blow molding is now recognized as an innovative technology for manufacturing PFT. BlowView??, a commercial finite element software developed by the National Research Council Canadaƒ??s Industrial Materials Institute, has now been adapted to simulate this new process type. It supports engineers to sketch and visualize PFT designs resulting from the twin-sheet process, before committing to expensive tooling in manufacturing. Optimization to improve quality, decrease cost, etc., is also under investigation.
Shreyas Chakravarti , Hongtao Shi , Jos van Gisbergen , Nina Vaze, May 2010
The following paper describes polycarbonate (PC)- polyester blends that can be used for applications demanding high flow while simultaneously having the ability to process at lower temperatures. The presence of a polyester with a lower glass transition temperature that is miscible with the polycarbonate leads to lower processing temperatures and increasing flow while maintaining transparency. To further increase the flow the molecular weights of the polycarbonate and the polyester are reduced. An expected compromise in impact properties is mitigated by the addition of an impact modifier while maintaining transparency.
Scott A. Eastman , Alan J. Lesser , Thomas J. McCarthy, May 2010
Wood samples have been impregnated with silicones and subsequently crosslinked in-situ by utilizing supercritical CO2 as a solvent and transport medium.These wood-silicone composites have been exposed to controlled thermo-oxidative conditions under load to determine their time to failure. The time to failure of wood samples has been found to be related to temperature through an Arrhenius type relationship. The addition of silicone to wood significantly increases time to failure suggesting that the silicone is acting as a reinforcing scaffold during the thermal degradation of wood.
Scott A. Eastman , Alan J. Lesser , Thomas J. McCarthy, May 2010
Wood samples have been impregnated with
silicones and subsequently crosslinked in-situ by utilizing
supercritical CO2 as a solvent and transport medium.
These wood-silicone composites have been exposed to
controlled thermo-oxidative conditions under load to
determine their time to failure. The time to failure of wood
samples has been found to be related to temperature
through an Arrhenius type relationship. The addition of
silicone to wood significantly increases time to failure
suggesting that the silicone is acting as a reinforcing
scaffold during the thermal degradation of wood.
Jennifer M. Hoffman , Maureen T.F. Reitman , Suresh Donthu , Paul Ledwith, May 2010
A variety of methods can be employed to characterize failure modes of plastics and identify contributing factors. By combining visual and microscopic examination with chemical analysis, the reasons for ductile, brittle, or progressive failure may be determined. This paper provides a comparative analysis based on fractography and spectroscopic analysis of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe samples that failed due to chemical exposure. Chemical degradation and environmental stress cracking failure modes are explored using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and FTIR.
In this work, devulcanized rubber obtained from a thermo-mechanical devulcanization process with supercritical carbon dioxide was utilized in a virgin tire compound in order to lower the material cost. Different content of devulcanized rubber from 10 phr to 30 phr was used as part of the rubber in an actual virgin tire compound. Curing characteristics, Mooney viscosity, tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at break, and hardness of different samples were measured in order to evaluate the impact of incorporation of devulcanized rubber in a virgin tire compound. The results show that up to 30 phr devulcanized rubber can be used in a virgin tire compound without any significant deteroriation in compound properties.
Rishi Kumar, Avraam I. Isayev, Todd Lewis, May 2010
A single screw extruder having ultrasonic barrel attachment was used to manufacture polyetheretherketone (PEEK) - multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) nanocomposites with enhanced dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in polymer matrix. The effect of ultrasonic amplitude and CNTs loading on die pressure, electrical conductivity, rheological, morphological and mechanical properties of PEEK filled with 1-10 wt% MWNT was studied. The die pressure was observed to decrease with the increase of ultrasonic amplitude and increased with the increase of CNTs loading. The electrical percolation threshold was found to be between 1 and 2 wt% loading of CNTs.
A continuous, commercially viable method for the dispersion of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in polymer matrices using an ultrasonically assisted twin screw extruder has been studied. The effects of ultrasound on die pressure, power consumption, rheological, morphological, mechanical and electrical properties in PETI-330 nanocomposites filled with 0-5 wt. % MWNTs have been evaluated. Ultrasonically treated nanocomposites show increased viscosity with a slight improvement in mechanical properties at various loadings and ultrasonic treatment. An electrical percolation of less than 0.5 wt. % was observed.
Of the four pillars required for the successful development of a plastic part; material selection part design processing and service environment processing is often assumed to be the most controllable. Even when the service environment has been properly defined the best design principles implemented and the appropriate material selected seemingly insignificant changes in processing can grossly and adversely affect an otherwise well developed product. This paper will explore case studies where the failure of the part can be traced directly back to improper processing and how shortcomings in processing ultimately predisposed them to premature failure.
Of the four pillars required for the successful
development of a plastic part; material selection, part
design, processing, and service environment, processing is
often assumed to be the most controllable. Even when the
service environment has been properly defined, the best
design principles implemented, and the appropriate
material selected, seemingly insignificant changes in
processing can grossly and adversely affect an otherwise
well developed product. This paper will explore case
studies where the failure of the part can be traced directly
back to improper processing and how shortcomings in
processing ultimately predisposed them to premature
failure.
Alexander Chandra , Lih-Sheng Turng , Padma Gopalan, May 2010
Two different molecular weight poly(styrene-maleic anhydride) (SMA) copolymers were used to treat spherical alumina nanoparticles to facilitate dispersion.The treated nanoparticles were then melt compounded with polycarbonate (PC) using a high intensity thermokinetic mixer. It was found that the low molecular weight polymer coating resulted in well dispersed nanoparticles in the nanocomposites with fairly high light transmittance. Furthermore the addition of the spherical nanoparticles improved the impact strength during brittle fracture of the resultant nanocomposites through the formation of multilevel microcracks and microcrazes induced by the nanoparticles.
Chuan-Yar Lai, R.K. Ayyer, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, May 2010
Coextrusion through a series of layer multiplying
elements has enabled the production of films containing tens
to thousands of layers with individual layer thicknesses
down to the nanoscale. Dynamic mechanical properties of
nanolayered films of polyethylene oxide (PEO) against
ethylene-co-acrylic acid (EAA), with layer thicknesses
ranging from microns to 45 nm, were investigated.
Although crystallinity and layer composition were constant,
the glass transition intensity of the PEO was found to
decrease dramatically with layer thickness. The application
of a combined standard linear solid and the Takayanagi
model suggest morphological changes, not decreased
mobility of the polymer chains, are responsible.
T.-D. Ngo, M. Nofar, M.-T. Ton-That, M. Sepehr, W. Hu, J. Denault, May 2010
As the demand of green materials and green products are growing, the use of renewable resources and recycle materials are of great attraction. Natural fiber composites have been extensively studied during the last ten years. However, the main focuses were laminate thermoset composites and extrusion/injection composite products.
New approach in fabricating thermoplastic composite parts and composite formulation with flax fiber at low cost has been developed to reduce energy consumption and improve the mechanical performance. The laminate composites were prepared by compression moulding. The results demonstrate that the formulation and the fiber treatment play important roles to the performances of the composites.
Jianxin Feng, Chunmeng Lu, Linjie Zhu, Peng Wang, Victor Tan, Qi Zhang, Shuli Teng, Subhash H. Patel, Ming-Wan Young, Costas G. Gogos, May 2010
Stresses can induce cell nucleation and affect the final
cell morphology in plastic foaming processes. In our
previous work, a novel batch foaming visualization system
was developed in order to capture the in situ foaming
process of a plastic specimen under extensional stress.
Using the visualization system, this paper elucidates the
effects of extensional stress on the foaming behaviors of
polystyrene blown by carbon dioxide as processing
conditions are varied.
Jianxin Feng , Chunmeng Lu , Linjie Zhu , Peng Wang , Victor Tan , Qi Zhang , Shuli Teng , Subhash H. Patel , Ming-Wan Young , Costas G. Gogos, May 2010
The UV-curing of ultra-thin films of acrylate monomers on Al2O3 particles has been studied by using photo-differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC). This fundamental study is necessitated by the need to optimize the UV-curing of coated particulates in air-driven fluidized beds. The effects of chemical structures of monomers thickness of the films type of initiators and the presence of oxygen on the curing were investigated.Results show that the photo-polymerization of the ultrathin films on the particles is much more sensitive to oxygen poisoning than the thick films on flat surfaces and the conversions of monomers greatly depend on the types of monomers and initiators used. Esacure 1001M a sulfurcontaining benzophenone has been used together with 2- ethylhexyl-4-dimethylamino benzoate (Esacure EHA) as the initiation system to reduce the oxygen poisoning effect.
This paper describes the numerical analysis of cell growth during the filling and post-filling stages in injection foam molding. The pressure change with regard to a Lagrangian framework as well as temperature distribution was calculated using the Finite Element Method. The foaming initiation line was predicted by utilizing the solubility of the blowing agent in polymer. Individual bubble growth during the filling and post-filling stages was simulated using the Cell Model. Furthermore cell trajectory during the filling stage was tracked.
Trends in styling continue to include metallic accents traditionally coming from paints and chrome plating. While paint and plating allow designers to achieve this desired look, both processes come with relatively high cost and are not environmentally friendly. VOCs, chemical disposal and no potential to recycle once the part is painted or plated are environmental concerns. New engineering resins have been developed which eliminate the need for painting and can achieve the desired appearance right out of the mold. This talk explores these resins as a way to get green: both environmentally and with lower cost.
The presence and distribution of a trace amount of small molecules which can be the by-product from slight degradation of blend components during processing or a residual reagent added in reactive processing are valuable information in polymer blends.However it is often difficult to discern these substances using normal methods. Low concentrations of butannaldehyde in PC/PBT blends and free residual amine in TPU/PO blends are detected using a RuO4 staining technique under a scanning electron microscope.Fine grains which are formed by the reaction of RuO4 with them are observed both on the surface and in the bulk of the two polymer blends after the staining.
In this work, the dependency of linear polypropylene (LPP) (MFI of 18 g/10min) foaming behavior on nanoclay addition and various processing parameters were explored. Because of the low cost of LPP, there is a high industrial interest in this approach. In our work, two processing methods in a twin screw extruder were utilized to see the influence of nanoclays dispersion within the polymer. A single screw extruder was used for foaming in a range of temperatures and Supercritical CO2 was used as the blowing agent. X-Ray diffraction, SEM, and density measurements were utilized to explore the nanoclaysƒ?? exfoliation, cell density, and expansion ratio, respectively.
84 countries and 60k+ stakeholders strong, SPE
unites
plastics professionals worldwide – helping them succeed and strengthening their skills
through
networking, events, training, and knowledge sharing.
No matter where you work in the plastics industry
value
chain-whether you're a scientist, engineer, technical personnel or a senior executive-nor
what your
background is, education, gender, culture or age-we are here to serve you.
Our members needs are our passion. We work hard so
that we
can ensure that everyone has the tools necessary to meet her or his personal & professional
goals.
Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
This site uses cookies to recognize members so as to provide the benefits of membership. We may also use cookies to understand in general how people use and visit this site. Please indicate your acceptance to the right. Learn More..