The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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The cleanliness of production facilities is an important quality factor. Higher purity minimizes environmental influences and in this way a better process control can be obtained. Therefore, the use of clean room technology is establishing in industries like automotive more and more. To maintain the controlled contamination throughout the process, injection molds, which are intended for production in clean room environments must be adequate to special needs. Special coatings for lubricant-free manufacturing support these concepts.
Even for lifeline plumbing, plumbing materials are required to be recyclable. It is needed to develop the new plumbing materials with the performance of long lifetime and recyclable. In this study, PE-RT mixed with several stabilizers was tested to evaluate for long life and the new method for evaluating lifetime. As a result, it was found that HALS was very effective and the hydrodynamic pressure test was useful to evaluate the lifetime.
Jiang Ming Jin, Feng Chen, Jian Jiang Yang, Huan Cai Li, Ming Qiang Zhong, May 2012
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on sound absorption and attenuation of thermoplastic elastomers (TPE). It is shown that the proposed TPE may provide high acoustic transmission loss (TL) within low frequency range. It is suggested here that the high acoustic TL observed in the low frequency range for a solid plate can be as effective as the cellular system, considering the heterogeneous phase framworks and density dispersion in TPE materials.
An overview of common scale-up issues is presented in this paper. This overview includes descriptions of many common scale-up problems as well as examples and suggestions that can help to reduce or eliminate these problems.
The physical property development of blown film products are dependent on at least four parameters: first, the properties of the base resin, second, the strain and strain rate in the machine and transverse directions, third, the temperature profile of the process from die to the “freeze line,” and fourth the crystallization rate as a function of position above the die. The last three issues will be discussed in this paper since they are related to troubleshooting and scale up.
Composites of poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were produced by melt-mixing in a small scale compounder by varying the screw speed between 25 and 400 rpm at a constant mixing time of two minutes. By that, different levels of dispersions, as assessed by quantitative analysis of area ratio of remaining primary agglomerates from light microscopy, were achieved. With increasing screw speed the state of dispersion increases and levels off starting at about 100 rpm.
A collection of 17 techniques is presented for increasing the performance of twin-screw extruders. Processors may be aware of some of these tips, but many are not well known. All are based on solid scientific principles, and have been proven in dozens of extruder installations. Also, all techniques presented are easy to apply, so the benefits can be realized quickly.
Alexander Chudnovsky, Zhenwen Zhou, Haiying Zhang, May 2012
Short-term tests are used in many branches of Science and Engineering to predict future outcomes of long-term processes. It is important to ascertain criteria of similarity between the short-term test and real life events. The criteria for predicting lifetime must reproduce the mechanisms of field failures and have a technically sound procedure for extrapolation of a relatively short test data. A quantitative modeling approach as an alternative to “empirical” extrapolation is proposed in this paper.
Payman Sharifi, Nick Henwood, Chris Liauw, Graham Lees, May 2012
This paper describes a program to assess degradation effects on polyethylene, the most common polymer used in rotomoulding. Polyethylene was compounded with a variety of antioxidant (AO) combinations, pulverized to a powder and then rotationally moulded. The impact strength of samples cut from the rotomoulded parts was correlated with assessments of material condition made using Carbonyl Index (CI) and Yellowness Index (YI). Significant differences were observed between different AO formulations.
This paper describes four basic flow properties of powders and bulk solids and how these properties may be used in diagnosing flow problems in existing handling processes. Included are cohesive strength, frictional properties, permeability, and segregation tendencies. Examples of common flow problems in typical handling systems are provided as well as how a specific flow property may be the controlling factor. Using these properties, a system may be evaluated, and corrective actions developed to eliminate the flow-related problems.
William Pappas, Harry Brown II, Graeme Fukuda, Roba Adnew, David Bigio, May 2012
An experiment has been created that relates stress distribution history with residence time distribution. To quantify the results, stress beads that break up at a specific stress were used to measure the percent of material that sees those critical stress values throughout the extruder. Two different strength stress beads were used along with two different mixing section geometries. This paper describes results for a range of different throughputs and speeds in the extruder.
Additives are commonly blended into polymer films. Oftentimes the additives and the film resins are incompatible, which leads to blooming of the additives to the film surfaces. This research focuses on quantifying the amount of additive exuded to the surfaces over time. Examples include slip agents, anti-fogging agents, and drugs in polyolefin and biopolymer films.
Nils Bohm, Xiaolan Song, Volker Schoppner, May 2012
An underwater pelletizing system was used for the production of WPC pellets. In order to avoid the costs of drying prior to injection molding, the pellets must have a low moisture content before bagging. Selected screening results of the effects of different parameters on the moisture of WPC pellets are shown in the paper. By adjusting the appropriate process parameters, producers can save energy and costs by doing without or limiting the following drying steps.
In this paper, essential work of fracture (EWF) tests for five polyethylene blown films are conducted. The fracture toughness of those samples was evaluated based on test results. The effect of the film orientation on the fracture toughness of materials was evaluated. The work calculated from load-displacement curves obtained from double edge-notched tension (DENT) specimens was analyzed as the ligament increases
This study investigates the extrusion characteristics of a High Speed Single Screw Extruder, (HSSSE), to determine suitability for use in several different extrusion applications including Sheet, Fiber and Extrusion Coating. The study demonstrated that a properly designed HSSSE can greatly improve the processing capability of a small diameter single screw extruder for a wide range of applications.
Lei Wang, Ping Fan, Jintao Yang, Feng Chen, Mingqiang Zhang, May 2012
Graphene was successfully encapsulated with polystyrene via ultrasonically initiated in-situ emulsion polymerization in this paper. The XPS, FTIR, TEM and SEM results confirmed the PS encapsulation of grapheme nanocomposite (PS-G) was achieved through ultrasonically initiating technology without any initiators. The graphenes exhibit good compatibility and dispersion in the PS matrix. The thermal stability of nanocomposites is improved with the incorporation of graphene.
In this paper, the overall extruder control system is constructed by two control loops, a multi-input-multi- output (MIMO) control of the barrel temperatures and a single-input-single-output (SISO) control of the melt pressure at die output. Advanced control algorithms are adopted to control these key variables. Experimental results demonstrate the fast response, near-zero overshoot and precise tracking performance of the proposed control strategies. And ultimately the effectiveness of the whole controller is well reflected by product quality.
Franco Costa, Zhongshuang Yuan, Chittur Hadinata, May 2012
Comparison is made between a flow-induced crystallization model and measurements made on injection molded samples of a PBT material. The magnitude of shrinkage in the flow direction and the direction perpendicular to flow are found to be in good agreement, as is the degree of shrinkage anisotropy. The flow-induced components of the model are demonstrated to be crucial for the correct prediction of the shrinkage anisotropy.
This paper describes the recycle technology of used plastic materials such as waste HDPE films and containers, waste caps for PET bottles, and used PET bottles with caps and films. The fusion joining strength of extruded sheets of waste HDPE films and containers using a compatibilizer was firstly studied. A compounding technology of used PET bottles with caps and films using a compatibilizer was secondly studied.
Jungjoo Lee, Lih-Sheng Turng, Eugene Dougherty, Patrick Gorton, May 2012
This paper proposes a new foam injection molding process that enables the ease of processing of the chemical blowing agent method with the foaming characteristics of a physical blowing agent, but in a cost-effective fashion. By using gas-laden (CO2 or N2) pellets in injection molding, a simple yet cost- effective dosing method can be achieved. This paper presents this new process and the properties of the injection molded foamed parts.
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Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
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