The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Miguel Sánchez-Soto | Silvia Illescas | Tobias Abt | Maria Virginia Candal | Jaime Francisco Gómez, November 2011
In this work, a hybrid polypropylene (PP)/steel car
part (Traverse leg) was created by over moulding. PP was
modified with 10%wt. of PP-g-Ma coupling agent.
Different surface treatments were applied to the steel
determining its influence on adhesion. Best peel strength
was reached when the steel was sanded. Etching and shot
peened plates showed similar but lower levels of
adhesion. In all cases, the application of torch heating was
necessary to create a thin layer of iron oxide strongly
bonded to the steel and by reaction to the PP-g-Ma. To
create adhesion a minimum steel temperature of 120ºC
was necessary.
J. Castany | J. Fuentelsaz | F. Serraller | D. Mercado | I. Clavería | J. Aísa, November 2011
Created from University of Zaragoza, the group T.I.I.P. has developed its activities since 1989 around injection molding. This team has always worked as near as possible to the industry (its name includes “workshop”, not “laboratory") and, in its aims, it promotes the research work pushed from market demands. However, for an effective knowledge exchange, the members of the group T.I.I.P. have promoted hundreds of training courses teaching to all the injection´s actors, about how to arrange the whole process to improve final results. During these twenty years, fifteen doctoral theses and twenty friendly computer programs for training were made, closing the loop.
S. Román Lorza | M. A. Rodríguez Pérez, November 2011
A new type of materials has been produced by means of
creating a cellular structure in blends of LDPE/LLDPEg-
MAH/ATH. The presence of the aluminium hydroxide
(ATH) in a polymer blend, both as flame retardant and
reinforcement, significantly increases the density of the
end product. The aim of this work is to achieve a cellular
structure by foaming these materials, when high loading
levels up to 60wt% of ATH are included. As a result, a
density reduction of 50% has been obtained together
with excellent mechanical and flame retardant
properties. A comparison of these properties between
solid and foamed materials is included.
H. Kishimoto | A. Takenaka | H. Moriwaka | H. Enomoto, November 2011
Polylactide (PLA) and other bio-based plastics have been attracting much attention for environment problems. In this report, modified PLA resin have been developed and based on “Technology of Nano-Modification for Polymer”, such as control of softening and of crystallization in nano size. Two types of modified PLA of which one is clear and soft PLA for extrusion molding and another one is high moldability PLA for injection molding have been developed. These modified PLA have been applied as alternative plastics of PP and ABS to stationery, packaging, convenience goods, electrical appliance and so on. Performances and technologies will be presented.
Susana Petisco | Jone M. Ugartemendia | Jorge Fernández | Jose-Ramon Sarasua, November 2011
In the design of new polymeric materials the longterm
stability and durability are matters of considerable
importance. It is known that during physical aging volume
contraction and densification of polymers occur and
therefore physical properties such as mechanical or
crystallization behavior of amorphous polymers may be
affected. In this work the impact that physical aging has on
two biodegradable poly(L-lactide/ε-caprolactone) (PLCL)
copolymers differing on their randomness character was
studied. Their thermal behavior has been evaluated by
specific aging strategies using Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC).
Erlantz Lizundia | Jose-Ramon Sarasua, November 2011
The thermal degradation behaviour of poly (L-lactide)
nanocomposites containing both as-received (MWCNT)
and purified multi wall carbon nanotubes (p-MWCNT)
was evaluated by means of thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA). Composites with carbon nanotube contents of 0,
0.75, 1.25, 2.5, 4 and 5 wt. % were prepared. The thermal
degradation process was analyzed in the light of Kissinger
and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) models revealing a
lowering of the activation energy (E) due to iron and
aluminium residues present in carbon nanotubes.
Aitor Larrañaga | Jose-Ramon Sarasua, November 2011
The mechanical properties of highly porous scaffolds
have been investigated. Scaffolds of poly(Llactide)(
PLLA) and poly(L-lactide/ε-caprolactone)(PLCL)
filled with 5, 10 and 15 vol.% of Bioglass® (BG) and
hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were prepared by a solvent
casting/particulate leaching procedure. The thermal
properties of the scaffolds were determined using
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA), while the morphology was
characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All
scaffolds presented a highly porous structure (≈90%
porosity) and well-interconnected pores. Tensile test
results revealed that the addition of bioactive particles
increases the modulus and decreases the relative
elongation at break.
Marilyn L. Minus | Yiying Zhang | Kenan Song | Jiang Sha Meng | Emily C. Green, November 2011
Composites based on carbonaceous materials and polymers have been researched since the production of carbon fibers in the 1960s, leading to disruptive technological changes in the field of materials science. Today micro- and nano-scale carbon materials have opened new directions within this field to produce composites for high-performance applications. This work outlines in-situ analysis of the POLYMER-NANO interfacial zones in the composite as a function of nano-carbon structures. Stress transfer analysis of the composite interface couples nano-carbon structure with morphology and mechanical performance. This work addresses fundamental issues for materials design toward commercialization of polymer-based nano-composites meant for high-performance technologies.
O. Santana Pérez | J. Cailloux | E. Franco-Urquiza | J. Bou | F. Carrasco | J. Gámez-Pérez | M. Ll. Maspoch, November 2011
In this paper are discussed the rheological changes
observed in PLA by one-step reactive extrusioncalandering
(REX) using as a chain extender (CE) an
oligomeric copolymer styrene-acrylic multifunctional
expoxide. Dymamic rheological experiments and gel
permeation chromatography tests were used to
characterize the architectural modifications of two grades
of PLA, with different D-enantiomer content. According
to the results, an increase on D-enantiomer content seems
to reduce the CE coupling reactions. At the extrusion
conditions used high level of chain modification is
obtained as could be revealed by the increase on low
frequency complex viscosity as well as in the storage
modulus (G’) (associated to the melt elasticity).
Different mixing protocols were used to incorporate
Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) into Polyamide 12 (PA)/ High
Density Polyethylene (PE) blends. At a composition of
75PA/25PE/0.75wt.% CNT, interface localization of CNT
promoted by predispersing CNT in the PE phase, resulted
in five decades lower resistivty compared to other mixing
protocols. Melt storgae modulus (G’) was also found to be
affected by interface localization in this case with over
20% higher G’ compared to the other protocols. Specific
CNT localization is explained in terms of preferential
interaction between PA and CNT on the one hand, and
kinetic restrictions arrising from the mixing protocol on
the other.
Álvaro Cano | Marcelo Antunes | Vera Realinho | Laia Haurie | José Ignacio Velasco, November 2011
In this paper we prepared and characterized several
polyurethane composite foams by combining variable
concentrations of organophilic clay (montmorillonite) and
metal reinforcement, with the objective of developing
novel multi-scalar multifunctional rigid foams. The
addition of montmorillonite clay promoted foaming and
the formation of finer and more homogeneous cellular
structures, resulting in foams with compressive elastic
moduli and collapse stresses lower than that of the
unfilled polyurethane foams. However, a comparative
analysis versus the foams’ relative density demonstrated
that both mechanical properties follow one single trend
for the two materials. The combination of montmorillonite
and metal reinforcement further reduced the cell size of
foams, ultimately resulting in foams with similar
mechanical properties for considerably lower relative
densities. Although no important differences in thermal
conductivity were found for the polyurethane foams with
adding montmorillonite, the incorporation of the metal
reinforcement led to considerably higher thermal
conductivities, its value increasing with increasing
relative density.
Vera Realinho | Marcelo Antunes | José Ignacio Velasco | Laia Haurie, November 2011
It is well known the growing industry interest in
reducing the high flammability of polymers, as it limits
their suitability in a wide variety of applications where
fire retardancy is required, at the same time maintaining
some of the advantages related to their lightness. With
that in mind, this work presents the development of new
rigid polypropylene composite foams filled with high
amounts of flame-retardant systems based on hydrated
magnesium carbonate. Particularly, interesting flameretardancy
synergistic effects were observed in the
polypropylene composite foams by means of cone
calorimetry by combining the hydrated magnesium
carbonate with an intumescent formulation and layered
nanoparticles.
K. Lizenboim | H. Dodiuk | N. Iuster | I. Suvorov | S. Kenig | B. Zalsman, November 2011
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is suspected to be an endocrine disrupter. Current polymeric dental materials are based on BPA derivatives, e.g. Bisphenol-A Diglycidylether Methacrylate (Bis-GMA) which may leach out unreacted monomers and its degradation products. Consequently, the present work deals with BPA-free alternatives, for potential use in dental polymers and composites.
Experimental results indicated that BPA-free monomers from natural and synthetic sources can replace Bis - GMA without sacrificing physical and mechanical properties of the final dental polymeric adhesives and composites.
Jeroen J.G. van Soest | Arthur J.A.A. van der Meijden | Nolan J. Leenards,, November 2011
This paper describes an outline of the structural features (using SEM, WAXS and other advances techniques) and various properties of products containing compatibilised thermoplastic flour (i.e. Optimum FlourPlast). Grain or cereal flour or even purified starches are them self not thermoplastic materials [1]. The thermoplastic flour (TPF) is made from an unique combination of natural based grain (by-) products and a novel compatibilising polymer system making it a thermoplastic material, which can be processed on standard plastic processing machines. The TPF is as such shown to be highly compatible with natural or petrochemical based biodegradable aliphatic (co-) polyesters and various polyolefins such as polypropylene. In such combinations it is shown that it improves processing conditions and enhances the properties of the end formulation (compounds). By making different combinations of the various grades of the TPF (i.e. building block system of precompounds) with other polymers it will be shown that it is possible to obtain a range of products with different properties and good functionality. This made it possible to process the components into products suitable for various applications such as injection molding, extrusion and thermoforming, and film blowing and casting.
In conventional manufacturing processes, composite structures
are formed in multistage, costly process chains and
joined in additional process steps (e.g. gluing or welding).
In terms of process engineering, the biggest savings in
mass production can be achieved by minimizing cycle
time. Jacob has developed new processes, FIT Hybrid
(JEC Award 2011) and SpriForm which combine molding,
forming and joining processes of thermoplastic composites
in a single, cost-effective, large scale process. The
key benefit of the invention is that, in addition to the
lightweight potential of composites, this process offers the
extraordinary potential of lightweight construction due to
the combination with structural design.
Michele Benanti | Luca Andena | Francesco Briatico Vangosa | Andrea Pavan, November 2011
The present paper describes the activity carried out to
investigate the dependence of the force reduction
measure of sport surfaces on the material’s viscoelastic
dynamic properties and on the geometry of the sample.
The study was carried out by means of lab tests with an
artificial athlete apparatus and by dynamic-mechanical
analysis. Seven different sport surfaces were tested with
the artificial athlete and their viscoelastic properties
analyzed. Other
polymeric materials were studied besides
the sport surfaces, in order to explore a wider range of
properties. The results show a marked effect of sample
thickness on the force reduction measure, and a method
to correlate them with intrinsic properties of the material
is proposed.
It usually comes as a surprise when a plastic product fails. Plastics are made to succeed, not to fail. Sometimes the financial liability can be high, such as a waterline break that is not detected and causes major property damage. If there is a fatality due to plastics failure, criminal charges may be brought. A company can be forced into bankruptcy by plastics failure. So answering the question "why do some plastics fail and others don't" is of major importance. The answer involves choices of material (chemical composition, molecular weight and intermolecular order), design, processing and service conditions.
Maziar Derakhshandeh | Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos, November 2011
The final mechanical properties of a plastic product
which is made of semi-crystalline polymers depend
significantly on the molecular properties and the applied
processing conditions. Particularly, the formation of flow
induced structures via polymer crystallization plays a
major role in defining the final attributes of the product.
In this paper, the effects of shearing, uniaxial extension
and temperature on the flow induced crystallization of a
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) are examined using
rheometry. Extensional flow found to be a stronger
stimulus for polymer crystallization compared with that of
simple shear. Generally, strain and strain rate found to
enhance crystallization in both simple shear and
elongation at temperatures around the meting point. At
temperatures well above the melting point, polymer
crystallized under elongational flow while there was no
crystallization under simple shear flows.
UV-curing paint technology is known since many years
e.g. in the field of wood application or in the area of
plates and blanks. Today it is also getting more and more
common for automotive and decorative applications
starting with new improved technologies also to paint 3-
D parts.
The new Dual-cure paint system of PETER-LACKE
combines the advantages of the very fast drying and
excellent scratch resistance of a UV-curing paint system
with the 3-D painting ability and physical properties of a
conventional thermal cured PU-paint system. A dual-cure
piano black system was launched e.g. for the new Audi
A8 Interior.
The UV-Mono-cure systems – just cured by UV-light –
give additional to the very short cure time of just a few
seconds the advantage of very low or no emissions. Many
colours and effects are possible in both UV paint systems
and can be used on various plastics as well as on metal or
glass.
Ulrike Schulz | Peter Munzert | Christiane Präfke | Norbert Kaiser, November 2011
Transparent thermoplastic polymers hold an
important position as materials for optics as well as for
automotive glazing. However, soft plastic parts need to be
protected by coatings. For optical applications especially
antireflective coatings are inevitable. A presently wellestablished
coating system for plastics is plasma ionassisted
deposition. Special efforts are essential to find out
the best coating conditions for each type of plastic. A
comprehensive understanding of complex interactions
between the plasma and the different polymer materials is
a key factor for the development of coating strategies.
Some coatings on polycarbonate for automotive
applications will be discussed for example.
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Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
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