The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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I. Sedat Gunes, Feina Cao, Sadhan C. Jana, May 2010
A new method of evaluating polyethylene (PE) pipe brittle failure time has been recently proposed. The method consists of an extrapolation of the failure time in standard PENT test to brittle failure time of PE pipes of arbitrary diameter and wall thickness at various loads and temperatures. The method is based on several assumptions that have not been adequately addressed in [1]. This paper presents a detailed review of the theoretical and experimental basis of the extrapolation proposed in [1] and reveals its limitations. A fracture mechanics analysis of the PENT test is presented. It requires evaluation of parameters in power law" equation of the slow crack growth (SCG). Thus a specimen whose stress intensity factor (SIF) is independent of crack length has been used to serve this purpose. Such specimen allows an accurate determination of crack growth rate vs. SIF relationship and thus predicts the duration of SCG stage of brittle fracture process at various temperatures. The study indicates that the formula proposed in [1] can be used for materials ranking with respect to SCG resistance within a limited temperature range but is inadequate for estimation of lifetime in brittle fracture."
I. Sedat Gunes , Feina Cao , Sadhan C. Jana, May 2010
In this paper water vapor permeability (WVP) of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites with crystalline soft segments was evaluated. Organoclay nano-size silicon carbide (SiC) and a high structure carbon black (CB) were mixed with shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) based on semi-crystalline soft segments. All nanocomposites were prepared by bulk polymerization using a Brabender internal mixer. Compression molded specimens were used in the determination of WVP. The results indicated that the presence of silicon carbide augmented WVP by reducing the soft segment crystallinity whereas that of organoclay reduced the WVP considerably due to excellent exfoliation.
The incorporation of renewable resources in composite materials is a
viable means to reduce environmental impact and support sustainability
efforts in the composites industry. This paper will focus on unsaturatedpolyester
resins prepared from renewable resources and their use in
composite materials. Applications of these resins in the automotive
industry will be described including a comparison of properties and
performance vs. typical petroleum-based resins.
This paper presents an independent cost analysis for a novel slurrybased
preform technology in order to understand its potential benefits
across a range of component and reinforcement scenarios. Specifically
the economics for small medium and large automotive composites
reinforced with glass carbon and natural fibers through the use of
manual sprayup automated P-4 and slurry preforming are examined
and compared through technical cost analysis. The molding economics
of SMC RTM and SRIM are also addressed in detail.
The use of new aromatic thermosetting copolyester (ATSP) is described
and compared to the best available epoxies for high performance
composites. ATSP oligomers display liquid crystalline behavior which was
identified using optical microscopy with cross-polarizers.ATSP tailored to
have a liquid crystalline structure has reduced stresses at the fiber/matrix
interface and better thermal fatigue resistance compared to epoxy.
A new polyurethane adhesive has been developed that provides
excellent adhesion to SMC HSU and RTM without surface preparation
and requiring only a room-temperature cure or greatly reduced postbake
temperatures. This presentation will review where such an
adhesive will find application its general chemistry and supporting data.
Details are presented on an automated process for manufacturing
net-shape charges for compression moulding using a spray-deposition
technique. The novel process uses a resin-spray technique and magnetic
fibre to position and hold fibres onto the tool face. The process is
intended for producing structural components using discontinuous
bundles for medium-volume applications.
Mould tools used for processes such as RTM and compression RTM
must withstand significant forces generated by the fluid resin and the
fibrous reinforcement. Prediction of these forces will allow for optimizations
in setup costs and time and maximize the usage of the capabilities
of peripheral equipment (such as presses). SimLCM is being developed
at the University of Auckland as a simulation package with the capability
to predict clamping forces and stress distributions during complete
moulding cycles for RTM and CRTM.
PlastiComp’s direct in-line (D-LFT) compounding process provides
processors of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics a simple and affordable
alternative to pre-compounded pellets and GMT sheet while yielding
equivalent and in some cases slightly higher mechanical properties.
This paper summarizes a comparative study of the properties of
D-LFT vs. traditional LFT pellets in an injection-molding process as
well as D-LFT vs. GMT sheet in a compression-molding process.
To achieve significant part weight reductions of 15-20% Milliken
Chemical's high performance reinforcing (HPR) additive may be an
excellent choice for the replacement of talc and other mineral fillers in
polypropylene composites. For instance vs. talc HPR will typically
provide comparable or superior performance with only about one-third
of conventional talc concentrations. Furthermore these improvements
may be realized without any detrimental effects on aesthetic properties.
A new patented in-mold assembly process forms an optimized
assembly using a combination of blow molding and injection molding
for a turbo-charged diesel charge air duct. The process incorporates
a 15%-GF-reinforced blow-molding grade and a 30%-GF-reinforced
injection molding grade of polyphenylene sulfide. PPS was the
material of choice due to its superior heat and chemical resistance.
The use of cyclic-polybutylene terephthalate (C-PBT) for manufacturing
high-performance composites is taking on new roles. Advances in
injection molding RTM molding pultrusion and composite tooling are
benefiting from the use C-PBT thermoplastic resins leading to the
development of new C-PBT technologies and applications.
Previous work has shown that the newly developed SMC systems are
powder-primer ready in straight-through operations. However after an
extended stoppage in the operation – such as July shutdown – the
success of the powder application depends on the severity of temperature
ramp in the oven. To overcome this issue alternative methods are
proposed such as 4 min. of preheating in the oven at 180°C or 3 min.
of IR exposure.
Two experiments designed to understand the relationship between
material and process factors and bond-line read-through (BLRT)
severity will be discussed. Regression analyses of the data collected in
these experiments were able to establish relationships between the
experimental factors and BLRT severity with at least 80% correlation.
In order to improve quality issues as well as to establish an integrated
and continuous process for compression-moulded parts a direct
processing technology has been developed. This presentation should
demonstrate the flexibility of the new direct-SMC technology in terms
of use of alternative and new raw materials and formulations.
Recent advances in related polyurethane chemistry have increased
the commercial viability of the long fiber injection (LFI) process for
producing very-large composite parts such as entry-door skins truck
body and spa panels and recreational boat hulls. These advances
enable the LFI process to achieve previously unattainable extended
gel times on an open hot mold retain a relatively short demold time
and form defect-free surfaces that can lead to the Class A surfaces
required for large automotive body panels.
Sheet-molding compound has been used in underhood applications
and is extending its reach to drivetrain components. This presentation
will show how vehicle manufacturers have reduced costs and improved
quality through product designs that eliminate hardware enhance
capability and improve system performance.
The Automotive Composites Consortium Focal Project 4 (ACC FP4) is
a joint program between GM Ford and Chrysler to develop structural
automotive components from composite materials. Part of this project
is a structural composite underbody capable of carrying crash loads.
Phase 2 of the project involves a full design of the underbody including
design for durability and feasible component manufacturing and vehicle
assembly scenarios.
Performance requirements for underhood components are increasing
making historically used thermoplastics unsuitable for next-generation
engines. The need for higher thermal chemical and mechanical resistance
is opening the door to thermoset bulk-molding compounds (BMC)
for critical metal-replacement opportunities successful examples of
which will be presented.
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Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
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