The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Fiber-reinforced engineering materials are widely used for their superior mechanical properties in lots of plastic parts. And it is truly believed that in the injection molding process the fiber orientation and anisotropy shrinkage are very complex 3D phenomena which may influence the product properties deeply. In this research the fiber orientation is considered both in filling and packing process numerically. The result of fiber orientation shows a good agreement with experimental data. Moreover the investigation illustrates the strength of fiber orientation in filling and packing phases.
Masayuki Yamaguchi , Takashi Fukui , Kenzo Okamoto, May 2008
Structure and mechanical properties are
studied for extruded sheets of isotactic
polypropylene (PP) containing a small amount of
N N’-dicyclohexyl-2 6-naphthalenedicarboxamide
as a ?-form nucleating agent. It is found that the ?
trigonal crystals are predominantly formed in the
extruded samples containing the nucleating agent.
Since the ?-form crystals are responsible for the
marked mechanical toughness the impact strength
of the sheet sample containing the nucleating
agent is higher than that of the pure PP. Further
PP molecules in the extruded sheet are found to
orient perpendicular to the applied flow direction.
As a result the sheet shows anomalous
mechanical anisotropy.
Masayuki Yamaguchi , Takashi Fukui , Kenzo Okamoto, May 2008
Structure and mechanical properties are studied for extruded sheets of isotactic polypropylene (PP) containing a small amount of N,Nƒ??-dicyclohexyl-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxamide, as a ?ý-form nucleating agent. It is found that the ?ý trigonal crystals are predominantly formed in the extruded samples containing the nucleating agent.Since the ?ý-form crystals are responsible for the marked mechanical toughness, the impact strength of the sheet sample containing the nucleating agent is higher than that of the pure PP. Further, PP molecules in the extruded sheet are found to orient perpendicular to the applied flow direction.As a result, the sheet shows anomalous mechanical anisotropy.
E-Learning is now a popular learning method and it is a certain relation between e-Learning and Virtual Manufacturing‹¬?VM‹¬?. In the context it designed two experiments to prove the learning efficiency of using the VM technology in e-Learning. Two experiments were carried out including the learning efficiency test (LET) and the reliability test (RT). LET aims to prove whether the learning system provides learning efficiency; and RT aims to test the stability of the operating system. The results of experiments evidence that operation system provides the learner with learning efficiency 30% and reliability value( for operating time) is 0.835 . This hence concludes the usability of this way.
Anhydrous calcium sulfate is manufactured from high
purity naturally occurring gypsum deposits in Oklahoma
USA. The final product is a white fine grind powder
which is suitable to extend and replace TiO2 in white color
concentrate master batches. The material is heat stable in
the realm of plastics processing temperatures and it is
compatible with the various resins typically used in this
application. Due to its low Mohs hardness calcium
sulfate is easily processed while providing opacity by
acting as an efficient and cost effective TiO2 spacer in the
concentrate.
Anhydrous calcium sulfate is manufactured from high purity, naturally occurring gypsum deposits in Oklahoma, USA. The final product is a white, fine grind powder which is suitable to extend and replace TiO2 in white color concentrate master batches. The material is heat stable in the realm of plastics processing temperatures and it is compatible with the various resins typically used in this application. Due to its low Mohs hardness, calcium sulfate is easily processed while providing opacity by acting as an efficient and cost effective TiO2 spacer in the concentrate.
On-line gauging Systems with advanced Full Spectrum
InfraRed sensor technologies and control strategies
improve quality of multilayer high barrier films and
coatings increase productivity of the manufacturing
process and provide timely and valuable insights into the
Biax Film and Extrusion Coating manufacturing
processes with Process Analytical tools and Process
Diagnostics Visualization tools. Diagnostic tools such as
FFT Contourview Die mapping Process variables
trending etc. pinpoint the process problems in a timely
manner. The resultant Process Optimization contributes
significantly to improved product quality increased
productivity scrap reduction and high material yield.
On-line gauging Systems with advanced Full Spectrum InfraRed sensor technologies and control strategies improve quality of multilayer high barrier films and coatings, increase productivity of the manufacturing process, and provide timely and valuable insights into the Biax Film and Extrusion Coating manufacturing processes with Process Analytical tools and Process Diagnostics Visualization tools. Diagnostic tools such as FFT, Contourview, Die mapping, Process variables trending etc. pinpoint the process problems in a timely manner. The resultant Process Optimization contributes significantly to improved product quality, increased productivity, scrap reduction and high material yield.
Laura Weaver , Ashish Batra , Jose M. Rego , Patricia Ansems , Laura Mergenhagen, May 2008
Maleic anhydride (MAH) modified polymers and
ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers are known to
adhere well to polar materials in high temperature
processes such as in multi-layer film and sheet extrusion.
However these materials have been found to exhibit
unacceptable adhesion to polar materials such as
polyurethane foams adhesives and coatings in room
temperature applications. Three new developmental
products are now available for sampling which can be coextruded
with either low density polyethylene (LDPE)
propylene-ethylene elastomers or ethylene-?-olefin
elastomers and provide a high functionality surface layer
that enables adhesion to urethanes at room temperature.
Each product exhibits 100% cohesive failure from a
polyurethane foam applied at room temperature. Examples
of applications where these type of films and sheets would
be useful are: transportation (head rests consoles seating
headliners flooring); building and construction; consumer
durables packaging and the like. This paper describes
typical process conditions film and sheet properties and
adhesion performance of the functionalized polyolefins
that can adhere to polyurethane at room temperature.
Laura Weaver , Ashish Batra , Jose M. Rego , Patricia Ansems , Laura Mergenhagen, May 2008
Maleic anhydride (MAH) modified polymers and ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers are known to adhere well to polar materials in high temperature processes such as in multi-layer film and sheet extrusion. However, these materials have been found to exhibit unacceptable adhesion to polar materials such as polyurethane foams, adhesives, and coatings in room temperature applications. Three new developmental products are now available for sampling which can be coextruded with either low density polyethylene (LDPE), propylene-ethylene elastomers, or ethylene-?ñ-olefin elastomers and provide a high functionality surface layer that enables adhesion to urethanes at room temperature. Each product exhibits 100% cohesive failure from a polyurethane foam applied at room temperature. Examples of applications where these type of films and sheets would be useful are: transportation (head rests, consoles, seating, headliners, flooring); building and construction; consumer durables, packaging and the like. This paper describes typical process conditions, film and sheet properties, and adhesion performance of the functionalized polyolefins that can adhere to polyurethane at room temperature.
Krishna Maruvada , Cristina Cojocariu , Niles Rosenquist, May 2008
Inherent Flame Retardancy (FR) of copolymer
compositions of Polycarbonate–Polydimethylsiloxane is
presented in this paper. Properties such as limiting oxygen
Index char yield surface enrichment characteristics along
with UL94 performance are analyzed. Comparison is
made with neat polycarbonate. Superior inherent FR
coupled with good low temperature impact heat hydroaging
characteristics and transparency distinguishes
copolymer compositions from neat polycarbonate thereby
making these compositions excellent candidates for
engineering thermoplastic applications including medical
and food contact applications.
Krishna Maruvada , Cristina Cojocariu , Niles Rosenquist, May 2008
Inherent Flame Retardancy (FR) of copolymer compositions of Polycarbonateƒ??Polydimethylsiloxane is presented in this paper. Properties such as limiting oxygen Index, char yield, surface enrichment characteristics along with UL94 performance are analyzed. Comparison is made with neat polycarbonate. Superior inherent FR coupled with good low temperature impact, heat, hydroaging characteristics, and transparency distinguishes copolymer compositions from neat polycarbonate, thereby making these compositions excellent candidates for engineering thermoplastic applications including medical and food contact applications.
Kneaders reactors are used for combined unitary processing in the polymer industry for devolatilization compounding or polymerization. Multiple feed ports are used in screw type reactors to allow adding multiple substrates into one product whereas one unitary operation has to get to a certain degree of completion before the next substrate can be added. We have found that even for identical substrates multiple feed ports can be advantageous to avoid specific working points where the product behavior is disadvantageous for efficient processing. Such processes require advanced design simulation tools to predict process behavior. We compare simulation results on pilot and the scale up.
Kneaders reactors are used for combined unitary
processing in the polymer industry for devolatilization,
compounding or polymerization. Multiple feed ports
are used in screw type reactors to allow adding
multiple substrates into one product whereas one
unitary operation has to get to a certain degree of
completion before the next substrate can be added. We
have found that even for identical substrates multiple
feed ports can be advantageous to avoid specific
working points, where the product behavior is
disadvantageous for efficient processing. Such
processes require advanced design simulation tools to
predict process behavior. We compare simulation
results on pilot and the scale up.
Shi-Qing Wang , P. E. Boukany , S. Ravindranath , Y. Y. Wang, May 2008
This presentation discusses the latest developments in
the field of nonlinear rheology of entangled polymeric
liquids resulting from nearly two dozens of publications
from the Polymer Dynamics Interface and Rheology
Group at Akron. The essential findings are that a)
entangled liquids respond to sudden startup flow
elastically and undergo cohesive failure or yielding before
subsequent flow is possible b) the flow field beyond the
yield point is dictated by the characteristics of the yielding
process that can be strongly inhomogeneous c) entangled
liquids possess finite cohesion that can be overcome after
flow cessation by internal elastic restoring forces.
Shi-Qing Wang , P. E. Boukany , S. Ravindranath , Y. Y. Wang, May 2008
This presentation discusses the latest developments in the field of nonlinear rheology of entangled polymeric liquids, resulting from nearly two dozens of publications from the Polymer Dynamics, Interface and Rheology Group at Akron. The essential findings are that a) entangled liquids respond to sudden startup flow elastically and undergo cohesive failure or yielding before subsequent flow is possible, b) the flow field beyond the yield point is dictated by the characteristics of the yielding process that can be strongly inhomogeneous, c) entangled liquids possess finite cohesion that can be overcome after flow cessation by internal elastic restoring forces.
Biopolymers are generally defined as polymers that are found in nature derived from nature or utilized as medical implants. Polymeric biomaterials which are utilized as medical implants are typically characterized for enduse performance as well as processability. While lactic acid is found in the human body polylactic acid is derived from natural resources and utilized as medical implants. This paper will utilize poly(lactic acid) as an example of a bioplastic where the morphological and isomeric structure has an influence on end-use properties such as mechanical properties biodegradability and biocompatibility.
Peel strength between layers in coextruded cast film is
found to increase with increasing post die process time.
The results suggest that adhesion is limited by the time and
temperature available for bonding after new interfacial area
is created during drawing. This contrasts with previous
work in blown film where increases in peel strength with
process time were attributed primarily to stress effects.
The results from both processes however were found to
collapse onto a single master curve by multiplying the peel
strength by the modulus of the tie resin and dividing the
process time by the relaxation time of the tie resin.
Peel strength between layers in coextruded cast film is found to increase with increasing post die process time.The results suggest that adhesion is limited by the time and temperature available for bonding after new interfacial area is created during drawing. This contrasts with previous work in blown film where increases in peel strength with process time were attributed primarily to stress effects.The results from both processes, however, were found to collapse onto a single master curve by multiplying the peel strength by the modulus of the tie resin and dividing the process time by the relaxation time of the tie resin.
Hassan Eslami , Miroslav Grmela , Mosto Bousmina, May 2008
Poly[butylenes succinate-co-adipate] (PBSA)
layered silicate nanocomposite was prepared by
melt extrusion of PBSA and organically
modified montmorillonite (OMMT).
Nanocomposites were prepared at a single clay
loading. Before taking rheological
measurements the nanocomposites were
characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and
transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Stress
growth experiments were performed for both
pure polymer and nanocomposite. Flow reversal
experiments were conducted for
nanocomposites at different predetermined rest
time after cessation of forward flow. The
orientation state of silicate layers were also
investigated by cooling down the sample in the
rheometer before and after the forward flow and
then by performing X-ray in the transmission
mode.
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Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
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