The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Tobias Villmow, Sven Pegel, Udo Wagenknecht, Petra Pötschke, May 2010
In previous work, gas assist micro injection molding produced significant improvements in the replication of microscale features and elimination of sink marks, but the gas channels were located beneath the features. Thus, the design, location, and size of the gas channels were investigated in this work. Filling simulations were used to evaluate a range of channel designs. For the most promising design, mold inserts were machined and used to injection mold polymethylmethacrylate parts containing microscale features. Molding trials showed that the 3.2-mm diameter channels could be located adjacent to the region with the microscale features and still enhance replication of the features.
Tobias Villmow , Sven Pegel , Udo Wagenknecht , Petra Pötschke, May 2010
Polycarbonate (PC) composites with 2 wt% multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were injection molded using an experimental design to evaluate the influences of holding pressure, injection velocity, mold temperature, and melt temperature on the electrical resistivity. For both composites variations in resistivity of the molded plates up to six orders of magnitude were found. The highest impact was determined for the injection velocity and the melt temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed a skin layer with highly oriented nanotubes in case of high injection velocity.
Yi Jin , Theresa Hermel-Davidock , Teresa Karjala , Mehmet Demirors , Jian Wang , Edwardo Leyva ,
Donald Allen, May 2010
Blends of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high pressure low density polyethylene (LDPE) are often used to produce films with different shrink forces.The differences in these shrink forces can be observed in practical shrink film applications although it has been difficult to quantify these differences in laboratory equipment. In this work we explore the measurement of shrink forces of low shrink force films by various laboratory methods with examples given of the shrink forces measured on LLDPE/LDPE blends which had proven difficult to measure by other existing techniques.
Hyokap Kim , Juhee Shu , Ho-Jong Kang , Hansung Kim , Jinsik Cho , Yongwon Kim, May 2010
Triacetyl cellulose (TAC) film has been used as a protective film for the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based polarization film in liquid crystal display (LCD). Adhesion strength between TAC and PVA films by PVA type adhesive must be maintained sufficiently to keep the dimensional stability of polarized PVA film under severe environmental conditions, such as high temperatures and high humidity. In this study, the surface hydration of TAC film and adhesion process between TAC and PVA films were investigated. The surface hydration of TAC enhanced the adhesion strength between TAC and PVA films. Consequently, this provides better dimensional stability of polarized PVA film protected by TAC film. In addition to adhesion strength, appropriate draw ratio and the crosslinking in PVA film were also required for better dimensional stability in polarized PVA film.
K.C. Ortman , G.M. Vélez , A.P.R. Eberle , D.G. Baird , P. Wapperom, May 2010
Mechanical properties of long glass fiber composites
used in various industrial applications are dependant
upon the fiber orientation within the part. To date
however simulations with the ability to predict fiber
orientation as a function of mold design are not available.
In this study several options are explored to predict the
orientation of long glass fibers in the concentrated regime
that take the flexible nature of these fibers into account.
Flow through a center gated disk geometry is simulated
numerically for high concentrations of long glass fiber in
a polypropylene (PP) matrix. For this a flow uncoupled
2D finite element (FEM) analysis was performed using a
discontinuous Galerkin method for the orientation
equations. Numerical results based on the uncoupled
simulations are compared with experiment for
verification.
K.C. Ortman , G.M. Vélez , A.P.R. Eberle , D.G. Baird , P. Wapperom, May 2010
Mechanical properties of long glass fiber composites, used in various industrial applications, are dependant upon the fiber orientation within the part. To date, however, simulations with the ability to predict fiber orientation as a function of mold design are not available. In this study, several options are explored to predict the orientation of long glass fibers in the concentrated regime that take the flexible nature of these fibers into account. Flow through a center gated disk geometry is simulated numerically for high concentrations of long glass fiber in a polypropylene (PP) matrix. For this, a flow uncoupled 2D finite element (FEM) analysis was performed using a discontinuous Galerkin method for the orientation equations. Numerical results, based on the uncoupled simulations, are compared with experiment for verification.
Chen Wana , Jianxin Feng , Ming-Wan Young , Costas G. Gogos, May 2010
One-component ambient curable liquid compositions have been formulated based on the Grubbsƒ?? catalyzed chemistry to produce in-situ concentrated particulate composites without laminar mixing. The modified Grubbsƒ?? catalyzed compositions containing monomeric reactive ingredients are of much lower viscosity in order to facilitate the infusion step into the packed bed of catalyst-coated particulates. Such formulations are free of complex liquid mixing and precise metering steps required for its twopart binder counterpart resulting in simple and neat net shape manufacturing.
A L Kelly , L Mulvaney-Johnson , P D Coates, May 2010
The performance of copper alloy mold tool materials in injection molding has been compared experimentally to that of tool steel with respect to cycle time, part quality and energy consumption using in-process monitoring techniques. A mold insert was manufactured from tool steel and in an identical geometry from 4 berylium-free copper alloys, with copper content ranging from 85 - 96%.Results showed that copper alloy mold tools exhibited cooling rates up to 29% faster than conventional tool steel and that cooling rate was directly related to copper content of the alloy. Experimental results were compared to those using a commercial simulation package with boundary conditions at the mold surface being modified according to mold tooling material.
Petra Pötschke , Timo Andres , Tobias Villmow , Harald Brünig , Kazufumi Kobashi , Dieter Fischer , Liane Häussler, May 2010
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) fibers melt spun with different take-up velocities were investigated with respect to their liquid sensing properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
RAMAN spectroscopy indicated enhanced MWNT
orientation along the fiber axis when processed with
increased take-up velocity. The composite materials were
produced using twin screw extrusion with MWNT
contents ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 wt%. The electrical
resistance change of the fibers caused by contact with
different solvents was recorded for immersion/drying
cycles. The fibers sensitivity towards resistance change
during solvent contact decreased with higher MWNT
orientation in the fibers due to increased take-up velocity
and increasing MWNT content.
Petra Pötschke , Timo Andres , Tobias Villmow , Harald Brünig , Kazufumi Kobashi , Dieter Fischer , Liane Häussler, May 2010
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) fibers melt spun with different take-up velocities were investigated with respect to their liquid sensing properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and RAMAN spectroscopy indicated enhanced MWNT orientation along the fiber axis when processed with increased take-up velocity. The composite materials were produced using twin screw extrusion with MWNT contents ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 wt%. The electrical resistance change of the fibers caused by contact with different solvents was recorded for immersion/drying cycles. The fibers sensitivity towards resistance change during solvent contact decreased with higher MWNT orientation in the fibers due to increased take-up velocity and increasing MWNT content.
Benjamin Poon Patricia Ansems , Jeffery Weinhold , Gary Marchand, May 2010
The structure-property-processing relationships of partially hydrogenated styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene block copolymer (SEBS) / olefin block copolymer (OBC) blends were studied. Morphological results revealed that the OBC formed an immiscible blend with SEBS. In SEBS rich compositions adding OBC had minimal impact on physical properties such as tensile behavior.However the addition of an OBC greatly lowered melt viscosity improving processability and high temperature compression set. In OBC rich blends the addition of SEBS imparted stronger strain hardening to OBC.
Koffi L. Dagnon, Hua H. Chen, Lucia H. Innocentini-Mei, Nandika A. D’Souza, May 2010
Results of an in-depth study of hydrolysis testing on the mechanical performance, weight change, and dimensional stability of injection moulded glass-fiber reinforced polyamide 66 automotive composites are presented. Composite and resin samples have been characterised after conditioning in water-glycol mixtures at 70?øC, 120?øC and 150?øC for a range of times up to 1000 hours. The results reveal that hydrothermal ageing results in significant changes in the mechanical performance, weight, and dimensions of these materials. Mechanical performance after conditioning at different temperatures could be superimposed when considered as a function of the level of fluid absorbed by the composite matrix.
Koffi L. Dagnon , Hua H. Chen , Lucia H. Innocentini-Mei , Nandika A. D’Souza, May 2010
Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) /Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites were prepared by solution intercalation. The structure thermophysical and mechanical properties were studied by means of X-ray diffraction scanning electron microscopy differential scanning calorimetry thermogravimetry analysis dynamic mechanical analysis and mechanical testing. Experimental data showed that intercalated nanocomposites were obtained the melting temperature and enthalpy of melting were decreased and the mechanical and thermomechanical properties were improved. (Ref.6)
CorecellTM is a unique SAN structural foam successfully used in the Wind Energy and Marine markets. Corecell's density can be controlled by different formulation and process parameters such as cross-linking agent, expansion time or temperature. The foam mechanical properties are also affected by each of these variables and therefore the relationship between density, properties and formulation is complex.
This article describes these relationships and how Gurit has used this knowledge to develop the new CorecellTM M-foam.
Sriram Ambadapadi, Koffi Dagnon, Ali Shaito, Sunny M. Ogbomo, Maham Rahimic, Kytai Nguyenc, Paul S. Braterman, Nandika Anne D’Souza, May 2010
The effect of processing on electrical and mechanical properties of linear low density polyethylene composites reinforced by mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers, carbon nanofibers and helically coiled carbon nanotubes was studied. Batch mixing and twin-screw extrusion was used for melt-mixing the matrix and the filler. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used for assessing the morphology. In general, the electrostatic dissipation, electrical conductivity, modulus and yield stress increase with increasing filler content; however, tensile strength and elongation-at-break decrease. The type of filler and its dispersion affected the final properties.
Sriram Ambadapadi , Koffi Dagnon , Ali Shaito , Sunny M. Ogbomo , Maham Rahimi , Kytai Nguyen , Paul S.
Braterman , Nandika Anne D’Souza, May 2010
The purpose of this research was to study the intercalation of the anions of Ibuprofen non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ??-methyl-4-(2- methylpropyl)-benzene acetic acid into a layer double hydroxide (Zn-Al LDH) to form a new organic-inorganic hybrid intercalated material and the formation of nanocomposite with Poly (l-Lactic acid) (PLLA). The synthesis was achieved through two steps. The first step is the modification of layer double hydroxide with Ibuprofen anions. The second is the dispersion of the LDH into PLLA. The resulting organo-inorganic hybrid material was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Tensile Test. X-ray diffraction evinces the presence of dispersion of LDH and intercalation.
The 3D models of gating system, ejection
mechanisms and cooling system of the mouse shell for
injection mold are designed by using Pro/ENGINEER
software. MOLDFLOW software is utilized for CAE
analysis. Three schemes are obtained by changing the
injection molding process conditions, improving the gate
location and cooling system. After comparing the volume
shrinkage during injection, shrink marks index, filling
time, all the factors leading to the total deformation of the
products and the clamping force, the best scheme is
obtained. The results showed that simulation analysis
method can not only improve the successful probability of
mold trial, but also shorten the production development
cycle of developing product.
Darrin Willis , Remon Pop-Iliev , Scott Nokleby, May 2010
Metallic robotic arms currently dominate in industry but due to their intrinsic weight have limited usefulness for large-scale applications in terms of precision and speed.This research work investigates the feasibility of using solid or cellular polymeric composite materials or a combination thereof for the construction of long-reach robotic arms.This paper summarizes the preliminary study of the crosssectional geometry of the links in terms of stiffness-andstrength- to-weight ratios that would be capable of preserving high precision under time-dependent external excitations.
In this paper, we report a systematic investigation of the morphology of sulfonated styrenic pentablock copolymer solutions and membranes obtained from Kraton Polymers LLC. Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed that all the solutions exhibited isotropic micellar morphology. The solution SAXS data was modeled using the Kinning-Thomas model to obtain radius of micelle core, aggregation number, radius of closest approach between two micelles, volume fraction of micelles, and volume fraction of solvent in micelle corona. In contrast, the membranes exhibited anisotropic morphology with different d-spacings in-plane and through-plane.
The Sun is providing the Earth with an enormous
amount of energy, approximately 200ƒ??000 times the capacity
of the total energy production facilities. Only a very small
amount of this energy is used. Hence the thought of
developing a device that effectively and cheaply harvests the
solar energy is very attractive. There is a line of problems
connected with using the solar energy. Firstly the averaged
yearly local intensity is varying from less than 100Wmƒ??2 to a
little more than 300Wmƒ??2. This means that sunlight must be
collected over a very large area in order to produce an
amount of electrical energy comparable with that consumed
by a city, fabric or even a house. Secondly the energy of the
sunlight cannot be directly used in any way. Therefore,
turning the radiative solar energy into a more useable energy
type is the primary objective. There exists two different
approaches to this problem but with either approach a rather
large amount of the radiative energy is lost in the conversion.
ƒ?› Conversion into thermal energy.
ƒ?› Conversion into electrical energy.
The solar light is converted into thermal energy when
interacting with matter. This can be used for heating water
and house warming etc. The applications are naturally limited
as a very large part of our energy consumption is electrical
energy. The silicon solar cell (SSC) has been and is the most
used way to convert solar energy into electrical energy. A
short summary of the history and basic physical principles of
the silicon solar cells is presented in the following sections
Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
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