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The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Conference Proceedings

STUDY OF INJECTION MOLDED MICROCELLULAR POLYLACTIDE (PLA)/POLY(BUTYLENES ADIPATE-CO-TEREPHTHALATE) (PBAT) BLENDS WITH VARIOUS COMPOSITION RATIOS
Ke Li, Jun Peng, Xiaofei Sun, Lih-Sheng Turng, Han-Xiong Huang, May 2011

Foamed PLA/PBAT blends were processed via the microcellular injection molding process using supercritical N2 as a blowing agent. The effect of composition ratio on cell morphology, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of microcellular PLA/PBAT blends was investigated. Results showed that neat PLA presented a relatively small cell size and the cell size became larger from the skin to the central area. With increasing PBAT content, the cell size also increased, while the size distribution of the cells became uniform. The thermal properties of PLA, especially Tg, were slightly affected by the addition of PBAT. The crystallization behavior was noticeably influenced.

RHEOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS OF LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE)/SUPERCRITICAL NITROGEN (N2) WITH A SLIT-DIE RHEOMETER AND THE USE OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION
Shirley Hsu, Lih-Sheng Turng, Tim Osswald, Natalie Rudolph, Eugene Dougherty, Patrick Gorton, May 2011

In this study, the rheological behaviors of single-phase LDPE/N2 solutions at various gas contents are measured using a high-pressure slit-die rheometer. The resulting rheology data of LDPE/N2 are curve fit using the Cross-WLF model, which were then used in simulation of microcellular injection molding processes. The pressure effect on the shear viscosity is also studied. In addition, A 3D plot of viscosity as a function of shear rate, pressure and temperatures has been constructed, which is more profound at high pressures, low temperatures, and low shear rates.

10-YEAR OUTDOOR WEATHERING OF MOLDED-IN-COLOR ASA RESIN
Olga Kuvshinnikova, Albin Berzinis, Brian Keir, May 2011

Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA) alloy formulated in nineteen high chroma colors were exposed for 10 years of natural (outdoor) weathering in Florida and in Arizona, and 10,000 kJ/m2 of artificial accelerated weathering testing under ASTM G26 protocol. Exposed specimens were evaluated numerically and visually to assess the color shift, and ten out of nineteen colors demonstrated excellent color stability after 10 years of outdoor exposure. It was observed that both colorant package and weathering protocol are the key factors for determining the color durability of the formulated blends. The accelerated test appeared over-predicting color shift observed in the natural weathering tests.

EXTENSIONAL RHEOLOGY OF RAW NATURAL RUBBER FROM NEW CLONES OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS
Cybele Lotti, Rogerio M. Moreno, Satinath Bhattacharya, Luiz H. Mattoso, May 2011

Natural rubber (NR) is a biopolymer whose properties depend on the structure of the 1,4-cis polyisoprene chains, non-rubber constituents, environmental conditions. NR has been characterized by traditional methods, but these cannot effectively account for clone's differences. The aim of this work is to use extensional rheology to characterize and differentiate NR samples as for clone type and season of the year. Three IAC 300 series and RRIM 600 clones of Hevea brasiliensis tapped between October 2006 and August 2008 were investigated. The extensional viscosity varied considerably and was more sensitive than any other traditional property, being fundamental for monitoring purposes.

AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO THE CORRECTION OF ROTATIONAL FLOW CALCULATIONS FOR SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDERS - EQUATION CORRECTION
Mark Spalding, Gregory Campbell, May 2011

Simulation of single-screw extruder screws using the standard pseudo-Newtonian method is known to deviate from measured performance. Part of this deviation is caused by the calculation of the drag flow rate. Previous research has shown that the calculation of the drag flow rate using this method is higher than that in the actual channel, causing the pressure gradient to be incorrectly adjusted to compensate for the error in the drag flow term. The research here provides the correction factors for rotational flow (historically known as drag flow) such that axial pressure gradients can be quickly and accurately calculated.

DESIGN ASPECTS OF DISCONTINUOUS MOLD COOLING TECHNIQUES
Christian Hopmann, Walter Michaeli, Silke Allert, May 2011

The use of pulsed cold water instead of tempered coolant is suggested to be a versatile and cost-efficient technique for the cooling of injection molds. But the advantages and limitations of such discontinuous cooling strategies are still a controversial issue. In this paper the behavior of a discontinuous temperature control system is analyzed. The heat balance of a test mold is monitored and the inter?ªaction of adjacent cooling circuits is identified. It is demonstrated that the appropriate placement of the sensor whose signal is used as an input variable for the temperature control system is of crucial importance.

DEVELOPMENT OF A REACTIVE EXTRUSION PROCESS FOR THE CONTINUOUS SYNTHESIS OF POLYESTERAMIDES
Felixine Siegmund, Manisha Gupta, Xiaomin Zhu, Edmund Haberstroh, Martin Moller, May 2011

Polyesteramides are among degradable polymers, which are of great interest for a wide variety of applications. In this paper we report a novel reactive extrusion process for the continuous synthesis of polyesteramides. It is based on anionic ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactam in the melt of commercially available polyester - polycaprolactone. By this means polyesteramides of different chemical compositions were successfully prepared with high yield. Process simulation was carried out using obtained process and material data.

INFRARED WELDING OF ENGINEERING PLASTICS VIA SHORT-WAVELENGTH IR EMITTERS
Tobias Beiss, Jordan Kurikov, May 2011

To demonstrate the feasibility of infrared welding of engineering thermoplastics, studies on PA66 and PBT were conducted. The weldability of engineering thermoplastics is demonstrated in the investigations carried out. Important process parameters such as pressure control, change-over times and tolerances in positioning the IR emitter were identified. It is remarkable, that engineering plastics (PBT & PA66) that are similar in use have a totally different melting behavior. The melting process has to be adapted accurately to meet the specific requirements of the material.

BIAXIALLY ORIENTED MULTILAYERED POLYMER FILMS FOR ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS
Joel Carr, Matthew Mackey, Anne Hiltner, Eric Baer, May 2011

Polymer films with enhanced dielectric properties are essential for the production of high energy density polymer film capacitors. By capitalizing on the synergistic effects of microlayering and biaxial orientation, polymer films using PET and a PVDF copolymer were produced which exhibit breakdown fields as high as 1000 kV/mm and energy densities as high as 16.2 J cc-1. Using needle/plane electrodes the fracture zones were investigated and it was evident that the layered films possessed a different fracture mechanism when compared to the single component films.

LASER SINTERING PROCESSES: PRACTICAL VERIFICATION OF PARTICLE COALESCENCE FOR POLYAMIDES AND THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS
Mike Vasquez, Neil Hopkinson, Barry Haworth, May 2011

Polymer laser sintering is an Additive Manufacturing technology that has been implemented in a variety of industries from automotive and aerospace to the sports and leisure sector. This paper will explore the use of hot stage microscopy (HSM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure and observe powder polymer behavior with respect to the requirements for laser sintering. By observing this behaviour in a range of polyamides and thermoplastic elastomers, the results can be used as a tool for improved development of future materials, and potentially for process optimization, allowing laser sintering to compete in high volume manufacturing environments.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EXPANSION BEHAVIOR OF PE-LD FOAMED WITH CO2
Christian Hopmann, Walter Michaeli, Tilo Hildebrand, May 2011

The combination of PE-LD and CO2 to extrude foamed semi-finished products is widely spread. Especially for the extrusion of foamed sheets the decrease in density and cell size leads to an effect, which reveals a wavy pattern transverse to the machine direction and is known as corrugation. Since this effect has not been investigated yet, it is systematically investigated in a research project at the IKV. The aim of the project is to determine the foaming, process and foam parameters which lead to corrugation and thereafter develop strategies to minimize the corrugation in foamed sheet extrusion.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON INJECTION MOLDING OF WHEAT-STRAW/HDPE COMPOSITES
Fang-fang Wang, Haimei Li, Yong-li Zhang, Hong-lei Li, Sheng-chao Chen, May 2011

Filling polymers with wheat straw can be environmentally responsible and reduce cost. Nowadays most composites with natural fibers are processed by compression molding. This study examined the feasibility of manufacturing wheat-straw and high-density polyethylene composites by injection molding. MFI and thermal analysis of composites with different wheat straw contents were characterized. Mechanical properties of injection molded composites were measured. It has been found the melt points of all composites were about 135C. The fluidity, tensile and impact strengthes of the composites decreased while the wheat straw content increased. However, the flexural strength increased slightly with the increase in wheat-straw content.

BOSS DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION FOR MICROCELLULAR FOAM INJECTION MOLDED PARTS
Levi Kishbaugh, Uwe Kolshorn, May 2011

There are two basic models companies following when implementing the MuCell microcellular foam injection molding process. The first and most common implementation is to apply the technology to a part designed for solid. The second implementation involves parts designed specifically to optimize performance with the microcellular foam process. In either case, the customer needs to understand the expected performance of the fastening mechanism. This study identifies the achieveable fastening performance with screws when using boss designs for standard solid injection molding and also identifies the optimum design geometry for microcellular foam molded boss design.

MICRO INJECTION MOLDING: CHARACTERIZATION OF CAVITY FILLING PROCESS
Nan Zhang, Jing Chu, Michael Gilchrist, May 2011

Based on reciprocating micro injection molding machine, this paper characterizes the influence of machine process parameters and its transition response from velocity control to pressure control (V-P transition) on the micro cavity filling process. The method of Design of Experiment was employed to systematically and statistically investigate the effect of machine parameters on actual cavity filling process, which was described by the defined process characteristic values (PCVs). The statistical analysis indicated that injection speed was dominated factor affecting all PCVs in cavity filling process. It was also found that the machine V-P transition have significant effects on cavity filling.

EVALUATION OF BIODEGRADABLE COPOLYESTER RESINS WITH INCREASED GREEN CONTENT
Husnu Alidedeoglu, Ganesh Kannan, May 2011

Three different biodegradable copolyesters with increased green content (starting from 31 %) made from recycled post consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were evaluated in comparison to commercial poly(butylene terephthalate-co-adipate) (PBAT) in terms of thermal, rheology, and physical properties. The melting temperature of the resins is lower compared to commercial PBAT due to the presence of isophthalate and traces of diethylene glycol (DEG) linkages from PET. The melt flow values are 2.5 times higher than those of commercial PBAT, which has extensive branching. New resins show low crystallinity, high flexibility, and no break at maximum elongation compared to commercial PBAT.

THE INJECTION COMPRESSION EFFECTS ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTY BEHAVIOR FOR INJECTION PARTS
TzuChau Chen, Hsien-Sen Chiu, CT Huang, Shi-Chang Tseng, Min-Tsung Kao, Rong-Yeu Chang, May 2011

Injection compression molding (ICM) has been utilized in the manufacturing of optical parts since this molding process can improve optical property with reduced flow-induced residual stress and warpage. In this study, a true 3D simulation technology has been employed to predict flow-induced residual stress in ICM process by considering viscoelastic behavior of plastic materials. The optical behaviors of products are simulated according to photoelasticity theory. The simulations are performed with a two-cavity model of spherical lens. The process condition effects, including compression gap, compression speed compression time and delay time, on birefringence, residual stress and warpage results are investigated.

OPTIMIZATION OF MOLDING CONDITIONS OF A PLUG-ASSISTED THERMOFORMED THIN CONTAINERS IN A HIGH SPEED AND VOLUME PRODUCTION CONTEXT.
Michel Labonte, May 2011

For an industrial thermoformer, thermoforming plastic thin containers using a plug involved technological knowledge on material behavior, plug material and process variables. Technical papers on the subject exist but not with reference to the optimization of process conditions on high speed and high volume lines. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach like the Taguchi method can be used to refine the process and to minimize rejects. In this paper, a case study on thermoforming PET thin containers on a high output industrial machine using a single criteria based on the Taguchi method for optimization of wall thickness distribution is discussed.

THE LIQUID-LIQUID SEPARATION AND RHEOLOGY OF BINARY STRONG INTERACTION SYSTEM
Sijun Liu, Chixing Zhou, Wei Yu, May 2011

It is important to discern the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and crystallization from UHMWPE- liquid paraffin solution in order to control the membrane forming process. Since the UHMWPE- liquid paraffin solution belongs to a binary strong interaction system, accustomed methods such as DSC, light scattering, and optical microscopy (OM) are not so suitable. By adopting an inversing quenching rheological method we successfully obtained LLPS temperature of the polymer solution. The results show that viscoelastic properties are more sensitive to concentration fluctuation of L-L phase separation at the early stages than other methods.

PRECISION POLYMER NANO-MOLDING WITH ANODIC ALUMINUM TEMPLATE
Hiroyuki Itoh, Akira Haryu, Shohei Takahagi, Tetsuo Takayama, Takashi Kyotani, May 2011

Nano-patterning was achieved by application of nano-porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template as mold inserts in injection molding and thermal nano-imprinting. Depending on the AAO template used, the nano-holes have a diameter of 30 200 nm and a depth that varies from a few hundred nanometers to 60 micro meter. Effects of structure size on polystyrene surface properties were investigated. The replication accuracy was improved using a heat insulator and a high-flow-grade polymer. Results showed high replication of surface nano-features, 30nm rod features, using the injection molding process.

THREE DIMENSIONAL VISUALIZATION OF WATER PENETRATION AND MELT BEHAVIOR IN WATER ASSISTED INJECTION MOLDING
Fu-Hung Hsu, Chih-Chung Hsu, Yi-Chuan Wu, Chao-Tsai Huang, Rong-Yeu Chang, Shih-Jung Liu, May 2011

Water-assisted injection molding has some benefits over conventional injection molding such as shorter cycle time. The current study started from simulations of the flow behavior of various models. Theoretical methods and a numerical solver (Moldex3D R10) were used as the analysis tools. By using its three-dimensional visualization ability, water penetration behavior is easier to understand. Different processing condition effects related to water penetration length were investigated. The current research also focused on core out effects with different models. The results showed good agreement with experimental data and are helpful in understanding flow behavior in water-assisted injection molding.










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