SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
Low Temperature Impact Resistant Coextruded Polypropylene Composite
The demand for thermoformable Polypropylene food container is rising. Polypropylene homopolymer does not offer high cold impact properties. The polypropylene copolymers offer better cold impact properties at the reduced crystallinity and hence the rigidity and top use temperature. In this article, an attempt was made to coextrude polypropylene with SIS core to achieve better cold impact strength. Cake-baking trays were thermoformed from these sheets. The wall thickness distributions of the trays were used to compare the thermoformability of these sheets.
Study on Adhesion to Metal Film by Measurement of Energy Release Rate in Skin Region of Injection Molded Substrate
In the MID, which is an injection molded substrate electronic circuitry is formed three-dimensionally on, it is important to achieve high adhesion strength between metal film and a substrate.To study the adhesion by mechanical properties in the skin region of a substrate, a new evaluation method called “micro-cutting test” was proposed. We calculated the energy release rate and showed that it has positive correlation with the peel strength considering fracture phenomena.
Introduction of a Novel Exterior PET-Bottle Plasma Coating System
In the recent decade PET-Bottles became more and more widespread. In order to extend the shelf life of sensitive beverages an improvement of the barrier behavior of the PET is essential. One new option to achieve this aim is the novel plasma polymerization process. With this process the cycle time may be reduced compared to other already established processes and no FDA approval is necessary, since only the exterior of the bottle is coated.
X-Ray Studies of Structural Development during Sequential and Simultaneous Biaxial Stretching of Polylactic Acid Film
Cast unoriented Polylactic acid(PLA) films were biaxially stretched in both sequential and simultaneous modes to a series of stretch ratios and were then subsequently annealed to induce higher crystallinity and dimensional stability. Wide angle X-ray scattering analysis of these as stretched and annealed films were carried out to assess the effect of stretching mode on development of crystal structure and orientation during stretching and annealing processes.
Determination of the Deformation of Thermoplastics under Unidirectional Compressive Stress
Today, the usage of plastics extend to fields, where they have to stand high compressive load. It is often a problem to dimension these parts in a technically safe and economically meaningful way. One reason for this is the lack of suitable values. Due to this, a stress-appropriate dimensioning is not possible and in most cases values from tensile tests are used. Therefore, the aim of the current investigations at the IKV is to establish a guideline for the determination of characteristic compression values for plastics.
Extrusion of Polystyrene Foams Reinforced with Nano-Clays
Nano-clays were used to assist the production of polystyrene microcellular foams. Polystyrene was first compounded with nano-clays and then foamed. The nanoclay was shown to be an effective nucleating agent and caused a reduction in cell size and an increase in cell density. Nanocomposite foams exhibit higher tensile modulus and better fire retardance. The nucleation effect of nano-clay expands the operating windows for extruding microcellular foams. The influence of nano-clays on the sorption of CO2 and the viscosity of polymer melts are also discussed.
A Comparison on the Effect of GMS in LDPE and PP Foams
The addition of glycerol monostearate (GMS) to low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) foams will not only affect the blowing agent permeation but also affect the antistatic performance. A comparison study is made between LDPE and PP foam by measuring permeation rate of a blowing agent, surface static potential, surface resistance, and static decay of the foams. A differential effect of GMS in antistatic properties and gas permeation properties in both PE and PP foam has been found and is related to the rate of crystallization.
Fracture Toughness and Impact Resistance of Syntactic Foam
In this study we assessed the fracture toughness, KIc, and the impact resistance of syntactic foam reinforced with glass microspheres of different densities and polymer binder as a function of microstructures. The preliminary results showed that both KIc and the linear elastic energy release rate, GIc, increased with increasing volume fraction of glass microspheres and the increase was higher for microspheres possessing a higher density. The latter also demonstrated a higher impact resistance.
Foam Expansion of Styrene-Acrylic Acid Copolymers Using Baking Soda
Styrene-acrylic acid copolymers were successfully expanded into low-density foam using sodium bicarbonate as the blowing agent. Sodium bicarbonate reacts with the acrylic acid moiety to form sodium acrylate, thereby releasing carbon dioxide and water that act as the blowing agents. The ionic cross-linking resulting from association of sodium acrylate aids in bubble stability. Closed-cell foams having densities below 40 kg/m3 were readily achieved on a conventional extruder with no special cooling zone. Foam sheet was prepared by the technology without using an organic blowing agent.
Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene Foams
High density closed-cell HDPE foams (450-950 kg/m3) were prepared by compression molding using 0-3 wt.% azodicarbonamide as a chemical blowing agent. The samples were then used to measure their flexural, shear, and tensile moduli. The data obtained were compared with models to determine which one represents best the overall property of these polymer foams. We found that thin skins (0-5%) have an important effect of the flexural and shear moduli of polymer foams, while they seem to have negligible effect on tensile properties.
Effects of the Die Geometry on the Expansion Ratio of Polystyrene Foams Blown with Carbon Dioxide
This paper presents the effects of the die geometry on the expansion ratio of extruded polystyrene (PS) foams blown with CO2. Three groups of interchangeable filamentary dies were used to thoroughly represent the die parameters. The experimental results reveal that a strong relationship exists between the expansion ratio of extruded PS foams and the die geometry through its effects on the pressure-drop rate, die pressure, premature cell-growth time and initial shape of extrudate.
New High Heat Polyetherimide Resins
A new polyetherimide homopolymer with a Tg of ~250°C has been produced. The resin has the melt processability of lower Tg polyetherimides but increases heat related properties by ~30°C. The performance features of this resin will be discussed along with some of its polymer blends. The new polyetherimide sulfone is miscible with existing polyetherimides allowing a range of transparent materials to be produced.
High Flow Glass Filled Polyetherimide Blends
Glass filled polyetherimide blends can offer a wider range of attractive performance features: non-halogen flame retardancy, high strength and stiffness and excellent dimensional stability. One drawback to these resins has been their relatively low flow in injection molding applications. New additive technology has been developed that can improve flow ~25-35% while retaining other important performance features. Commercial products using fiber glass and milled glass blends have been developed using this new technology.
Evaluation of Different Methods of Measurement for the Isotropic Stress Development in Curing Thermosets
We have developed two novel methods for measuring isotropic stress development in thermosetting resins during cure and subsequent thermal cycling. We use a sealed stainless steel spherical pressure vessel and thick-wall tube to impose three-dimensional isotropic constraints. The strain at the outer surface of the load cell is monitored by strain gauges. The isotropy of the stresses in tension and compression are examined for both methods.
Recent Advances in Organic Semiconductors for Optoelectronic Applications
During the last decade, semiconducting conjugated molecules and polymers have undergone a rapid development and show promise as low cost alternatives to the materials used in current technologies such as silicon and other inorganic materials. In this talk, we describe recent advances in their use for real-time holographic processing, and in organic electro-luminescent devices for displays.
Conjugated Polymers for Controlling Light
It is of interest to develop new anisotropic materials for light emission. To this end, we have aligned poly[2-methoxy-5-(2’-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4- phenylevinylene], MEH-PPV, in two different nematic liquid crystalline matrices, pentylcyanobiphenyl, 5CB, and a mixture of n-cyanobiphenyl liquid crystal, E7. Their alignment was investigated through linear dichroism measurements. Based on this work, a new family of optoelectronic devices and display technologies can be envisioned.
Study of Shark Skin and Die Swell of Calcium Filled-Polyethylene by Laser Micrometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Laser micrometer and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the die swell and shark skin of calcium filled polyethylene. The results were strongly correlated with the filler loading and the temperature.
Structural Characterization of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Using Thermal Analysis
The structural properties of eight linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) resins are investigated using thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A thermal segregation technique was used to characterize the short chain branching distribution of the resins. Although each of the eight resins has a similar density and melt index, the molecular structures are all very different, with regard to the frequency and distribution of branching.
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content of Plastic Packaging Materials
Common food and drug plastic packaging materials of polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride and polyethylene terephthalate have been analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons using thermal desorption gas chromatography/ mass spectroscopy. All four types contain detectable levels of benzene, toluene, xylenes and naphthalene compounds. The source, at least in part, is believed to be gasoline vapors in the air. Polystyrene contains the highest level of aromatic hydrocarbons.
A New Toughening Method for Thermosets
A new toughening method which can be used for modifying thermosets is developed. An epoxy resin system is used for demonstration. Expandable hollow microspheres are also used for modification of the resin system. Heat treatment was conducted to produce compressive residual stress around hollow microspheres in solidified epoxy. Toughening mechanisms are discussed. A cavitation criterion in the presence of compressive residual stress is proposed.
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