SPE Library


The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Conference Proceedings

The Effect of Flow Channel Aspect Ratio on Layer Uniformity in Flat Extrusion Dies
Sam Iuliano, Andrew Svenningsen, May 2016

Common extrusion systems used to produce multilayer structures include a coextrusion feedblock - which assembles individual melt streams into a narrow multilayer “sandwich”, and a flat die - whose primary purpose is to uniformly distribute this multilayer structure to the desired final width. Given the demand for improved layer uniformity, extrusion die distribution manifold features have been developed to reduce the distortion of coextrusion interfaces. This paper will discuss the effect of die manifold aspect ratio on coextrusion uniformity.

High Gloss “Piano Black” Acetal Copolymer
Bruce M. Mulholland, Coralie M. Richard, May 2016

High gloss, piano black is an appearance that continues to grow as an accent color for automotive interior, cosmetic packaging, small appliances and other markets. The most common way to achieve a piano black look is by painting plastic parts using a two-coat or three-coat painting process which adds significant part cost and scrap. A molded-in-color solution is desirable to reduce cost without sacrificing quality. This paper discusses development of a molded-in-color solution in acetal copolymer resin and how that solution compares to other resins commercially available.

The Effect of Viscous Encapsulation on Layer Uniformity and Rheology in Multilayer Coextrusion
Hyunwoo Kim, Kurt A. Koppi, Robert Wrisley, Joseph Dooley, May 2016

Multilayer coextrusion is a process in which two or more polymers are extruded and joined together in a feedblock or die to form a single structure with multiple layers. This paper will discuss the effect of viscous encapsulation especially in a flow channel with a noncircular cross-section on layer re-arrangement and rheology of a coextruded structure.

Viscosity Measurement of Multilayer Structures via Parallel Plate Rheology
Kurt A. Koppi, Christopher M. Thurber, Hyunwoo Kim, Joseph Dooley, May 2016

Parallel plate rheometry has been used to characterize the viscosity of multilayer polymer structures. It has been demonstrated that this technique is not a good substitute for performing such measurements using a coextrusion slit die rheometer. For the purpose of designing dies for producing multilayer structures, one needs good viscosity data that correctly represent the behavior of the intended structure under flow and for this reason, a coextrusion slit die rheometer is recommended.

Study on Nano Polyacrylonitrile Fiber by Cotton Candy Method
Ryo Takematsu, Masayuki Okoshi, Hiroyuki Inoya, Hiroyuki Hamada, Akihiro Tada, Yoshifumi Aoi, May 2016
New Approaches for the Integration of Process Disturbances in Injection Molding Simulation
Christian Hopmann, Benjamin Grümer, May 2016

During the product development of injection molded parts, simulation software is used to predict process parameters and part quality during the production process. The integration of process disturbances into the injection molding simulation software leads the way to a prediction of the quality variation. Thus, the optimization regarding a robust process parameter set already during early stages of the product development process is possible.

Application of TRIZ Tools to Develop a New Plastic Chemical Dispenser
Iván D. López, Juan C. Ortiz, Alberto Naranjo, May 2016

The application of several TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) tools to support the development of plastic products is presented. The considered tools are the Function Analysis, the Inventive principle application, the solution of Physical Contradictions and Trimming. A plastic chemical dispenser is used as study case. The design starts from a plastic fish feeder that is commercially available. After applying the TRIZ tools, the design evolves to a complete new concept, overcoming the original design limitations.

High Precision and Repeatability in Micro Injection Molding Using the Inverse Screw
Ch. Hopmann, T. Fischer, May 2016

For an economical production of micro components made of thermoplastics by injection molding a reproducible and precise process control is essential. An alternative to two-step plasticizing units, which are commonly used in micro injection molding, is the so-called inverse screw. This newly developed plasticizing principle enables the integration of a conventional three-zone-screw’s geometry in a miniaturized plasticizing unit drastically reducing the overall melt volume.

High Temperature and High Energy Density Nanolayer Film Capacitors
Deepak Langhe, Michael Ponting, May 2016

Improvement of the dielectric properties was achieved by combining two or more polymers in a layered geometry using film coextrusion process. In recent development, film production scale-up of thin nanolayered films, film metallization and capacitor winding capabilities were demonstrated to create the world’s first nanolayer film capacitor prototypes. Increased temperature use of the high energy density films was demonstrated in capacitors. The detailed results of the capacitors fabrication process and the corresponding properties are discussed in this paper.

Reduced Post Crystallization of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Linda Goebel, Christian Bonten, May 2016

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) belongs to the family of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and is both, biobased and biodegradable. Due to its linear chain structure, PHB is highly crystalline and has a melting temperature close to its decomposition temperature. Pure PHB crystallizes very slowly, so that the use for some technical applications is not commercially viable. This paper describes the crystallization of pure and nucleated PHB by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The cooling curve and the metabolic rate as a function of temperature are elaborated.

Thermoplastic Semiconductive Power Cable Jacket
Jianmin Liu, Sathish Kumar Ranganathan, Sean Culligan, May 2016

A new thermoplastic semiconductive power cable jacket compound is presented. The compound is designed by adding carbon blacks to a blend of linear low density polyethylene and elastomer to achieve overall excellent performance, including good electrical conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, superior environmental stress crack resistance, and low moisture vapor transmission rate as well as low temperature brittleness property. The compound meets wire and cable industrial specifications such as ICEA S-94-649-2013.

Effect of Extensional Viscosity, Elasticity and Die Exit Stress State on Neck-In Phenomenon during Extrusion Film Casting: Theoretical Study
Martin Zatloukal, Tomas Barborik, May 2016

In this work, viscoelastic, isothermal extrusion film casting modeling utilizing 1D membrane model and modified Leonov model was performed in order to understand the role of extensional viscosity, elasticity and viscoelastic stress state at the die exit, on the polymer melt film stretching in the post die area. Experimental data for LDPE and theoretical predictions based on the eXtended Pom-Pom (XPP) model taken from the open literature were used for the validation purposes.

Analysis of the Foam Injection Molding Process Using a Chemical Blowing Agent
Sejin Han, Franco Costa, Edwin Klompen, May 2016

This paper details the analysis of the foam injection molding process which uses a foaming gas generated from a chemical blowing agent. The analysis is done using a numerical simulation program developed in this study. The simulation analyzes the injection molding process with the calculation of bubble nucleation and growth. Some experiments were conducted to validate the simulation results. The experiments performed include viscosity measurement and molding experiments. The experiment and simulation results compare reasonably well.

Microcellular Foam Injection Molding of Thick Parts
Lun Howe Mark, Raymond K.M. Chu, Guilong Wang, Chul. B. Park, May 2016

Achieving uniform, microcellular injection molded foams with large cross sectional thicknesses and high void fractions is difficult, due to the large temperature gradient. To investigate this issue, a thick part mold cavity has been manufactured and the effects of injection flow rate and mold temperature have been investigated. Higher injection flow rate resulted in higher cell density; while higher mold temperature resulted in more uniform cell density.

SIGMASOFT® Virtual Molding: An Alternate Approach to Resin Selection
Gabriel Geyne, Matt Proske, Laura Florez, May 2016

This paper explains a new approach taken by a thermoplastic supplier running virtual trials instead of floor trials to compare and evaluate the performance of different MFI grades. The evaluation results showed energy consumption reduction in high MFI grades due to lower injection pressures and lower clamping force requirements. The total cycle time was reduced when using high MFI grades in comparison to low MFI due to faster cooling rate of the part.

New Synergistic GRAS Stabilizer for Polyolefins
Robert L. Sherman, Jr., Kimberly E. Kern, Steven R. Torchia, May 2016

Baerlocher has developed a new family of polymer stabilizers called Baeropol® RST (Resin Stabilization Technology). Baeropol® RST works synergistically with standard antioxidants to improve color, stability, and performance of polyethylene and polypropylene resins, while maintaining GRAS FDA food contact regulations. This synergy can allow for a reduction in the amount of both phosphite and antacid used in current resin formulations, while giving equal or better performance.

Eye Opening Impact of Simple Design Errors on Product Costs
Vikram Bhargava, Rahul Rajadhyaksha, May 2016

Seemingly simple errors by the designer can add up to millions of dollars or more in direct, indirect and opportunity costs. A hypothetical case study based on realistic situations will illustrate how this can happen. Actual parts will be handed out to the attendees to drive home the point.

An Introduction of the Planetary Roller Extruder and Areas of Applications PVC Direct Extrusion
Michael W. Batton, Thomas J. Malzahn, May 2016

It‘s common practice for the production of PVC compounds to generate a premix of all components first. This premix is then plasticized and homogenized by an extruder. The production of the premix is a complex, energy consuming and expensive process.
The concept of direct extrusion is to dose all components directly into the extruder and to eliminate the entire premixing procedure. With this method, product composition and quality can be optimized and an increased cost efficiency can be achieved.

Phase Behavior of Polyamide 6/612 Blends
Ying Shi, May 2016

In order to develop new improved material by blending or alloying polymers effectively, it is important to understand the fundamental mixing behavior of the polymers. This paper studied phase behavior of aliphatic nylon 6 and nylon 612 blends based on melting temperature depression theory. A phase diagram was constructed using Flory-Huggins approach. This information will help formulators develop useful materials.

Studying Layer Alignment in Flows of Multi-Layered Systems through Dies with a Geometric Transition
Tyler Schneider, João Maia, May 2016

Variables that effect layer interface distortion in multi-layered systems were studied computationally to understand how to control layer alignment for the creation of multi-layer tubing with high layer numbers consisting of concentric rings of material. Variables were studied through one particular geometric transition, from flat to a semi-circle and it was found that layer alignment could be controlled by the incorporation of slip conditions in the channel.










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