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Recycling

Various topics related to sustainability in plastics, including bio-related, environmental issues, green, recycling, renewal, re-use and sustainability.
MELT EXTRUDED WATER-SOLUBLE STARCH-BASED FILMS
Nathalie Chapleau , Hongbo Li , Michel A. Huneault, May 2010

The interest for biodegradable and water-soluble packaging films has gained attention as they have a potential in several applications such as pouches for powders and liquids, liners and bags, and medical delivery devices. In this work, starch-based materials are used to produce melt extruded films. Starch is a biopolymer that can be gelatinized to form thermoplastic starch (TPS). The gelatinization is carried out in an extruder by applying shear and heat in presence of plasticizers. The influence of the TPS composition on the final properties of the films will be investigated. The crystalline structure, the mechanical properties and water solubility will be evaluated.

MICROMOLDING FOR QUARTZ GLASS/POLYMER COMPOSITES
Darin VanDerwalker, Stephen Johnston, Dan Hazen, David Kazmer, May 2010

Micromolding with microscale surface features and thin-wall plates of the quartz glass/polymers composites were performed to fabricate a new micro-fluidic plate with glass. Effects of process parameters on processability and surface replication of the molded parts were evaluated. The replication ratio and internal morphology of molded green and sintered microparts were analyzed using SEM and a confocal laser scanning microscope. During sintering processes, the green molded composites shrank with removal of binder polymer. The internal morphology affected shrinkage of green molded composites. The surface replication ratio of molded and sintered parts showed high values. Sintered molded parts were produced with a high aspect ratio of 3.4 and 10 ?¬m micro-line width.

MODELING INTERFACIAL STRENGTH OF POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE(PBS)/POLYPROPYLENE(PP) MULTILAYER INJECTION-MOLDED PART USING FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
Siu N. Leung, Anson Wong, Chul B. Park, May 2010

Polypropylene (PP)-based sandwich injection moldings containing biodegradable polymers in the core were carried out. Interfacial adhesion between the skin and the core is essential for obtaining sufficient mechanical strength for commercial applications. In order to investigate the interfacial strength between the skin and the core, the ASTM/ISO scratch test was used and critical delamination load for delamination was determined. For comparison, an 180o peel test was also conducted, whereby the skin was peeled off from the core, to measure its adhesive force in a different way. Numerical simulation using FEM was applied to these experiments to study interfacial strength. Destruction of the interfacial layer was defined by either a critical stress or critical strain criterion. The critical strain criterion appears to better describe the phenomenon in these two experiments. FEM simulation could qualitatively correlate with these behaviors, suggesting that delamination could be described as a strain dominant phenomenon.

MODELING OF COUPLING BETWEEN SPECIFIC ENERGY AND VISCOSITY DURING TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION OF STARCHY PRODUCTS
Françoise Berzin , Ahmed Tara , Bruno Vergnes , Chantal David, May 2010

Starchy products are commonly transformed by twin screw extrusion, either for the manufacturing of food products (extrusion cooking of snacks or breakfast cereals, for example) or for the production of bio-based materials (bioplastics). During the extrusion process, starch is submitted to high shear rates and stresses which lead to a modification of its basic structure. As many properties of the extruded starch are directly connected to the molecular weight and its distribution, it is very important to be able to predict the changes experienced during the extrusion process. In order to model the transformation of starch during twin screw extrusion process, it is thus necessary to take into account the strong coupling between viscosity and thermomechanical treatment. It is the purpose of thepresent work. We have used the software Ludovic was developed ten years ago to calculate the flow of a polymer along a twin screw extruder. We have assumed that the degradation reaction (viscosity decrease) was linked to the specific energy received during the flow. We have compared extrusion cases with and without viscosity/energy coupling and we show that it is important to take it into account in order to correctly predict the parameters of the extrusion process (torque, energy, product temperature') and the starch transformation.??, which

MORPHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE PELLET DURING COMPOUNDING OF RECYCLED POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) (RPET)/POLYPROPYLENE (PP) BLENDS
H. Inoya , Y. W. Leong , S. Thumsorn , S. Thitithanasarn , H. Hamada, May 2010

The morphology of RPET and PP pellets has been shown to have a profound effect on the properties of injection moldings. The size of PP dispersed phase is critical as it dictates the ductility of the blend. It has been shown that the size of a dispersed phase could grow by either coalescence or relaxation during and immediately after extrusion where temperatures are high. This study focuses on the chronological development of PP dispersed phase throughout the extrusion line during RPET/PP blending prior to pelletizing. The effect of compatibilizer content will be correlated to the growth rate of PP phase and also on the mechanical properties of subsequent injection moldings.

NEXT GENERATION HDPE FOR BLOW MOLDING APPLICATIONS
Mridula (Babli) Kapur, May 2010

High density polyethylene (HDPE) is widely used to fabricate blow molded articles for rigid packaging as well as for other market segments such as industrial and chemical containers automotive home and recreation. The drive to reduce packaging cost as well as minimize impact on the environment has increased the emphasis on light weight packaging. A next generation (NG) of HDPE resins was developed through selective molecular architecture modification to offer a unique combination of easy resin processing on existing extrusion blow molding equipment and a superior balance of physical properties which allow blow molded articles to be light weighted. A higher percentage of post consumer recycle can also be incorporated while meeting the blow molded article performance requirements.

NOVEL BIO-BASED THERMOSET RESINS FROM EPOXIDIZED VEGETABLE OILS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
Mohammad H. Al-Wohoush, Musa R. Kamal, May 2010

Bio-derived thermosets were cured from inexpensive, low-toxicity precursors. Epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) were crosslinked with a range of crosslinking agents: branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) and triethylenetetramine (TETA). Curing conditions were optimized through solvent uptake and soluble fraction analysis. Properties may be varied from elastomeric to rigid. Rigid bioepoxies, while not as stiff as conventional materials, are expected to display better toughness and may be promising for coatings and as binders in engineered wood products.

NOVEL ECO-FR" STYRENIC POLYMERS"
Tze-Wei Liu , Satish K. Gaggar , Sushant Agarwal , Adam Al-Mulla , Rakesh K. Gupta, May 2010

Flame retardants (FRs) additives are commonly usedin polymeric materials, with non-halogenated flameretardants being preferred for environmental, health andsafety reasons. However, developing non-halogenated FRsis a challenge for styrenic polymers such as acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene (ABS) since they burn very easily anddo not produce any char. Here, we have developed ahalogen-free flame retardant system for ABS using woodor cellulose as a charring material and ammoniumpolyphosphate (APP) as a catalyst. The use of theseadditives permits compounding and molding of ABS atlow temperatures. The resulting materials can achieve a V-0 or V-1 rating on UL-94 type tests.

PIEZORESISTIVE BEHAVIOR OF POLY (HYDROXYBUTYRATE VALERATE)/MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES CONDUCTIVE COMPOSITE
Mahesh Gupta, May 2010

In this study, piezoresistive behavior of poly(hydroxybutyrate valerate) (PHBV)/multi-walled carbon nanotoubes (MWCNTs) composite has been discussed. Melt mixing technique was used to achieve maximum possible dispersion of CNTs in polymer matrix, as this process involves very high shear forces during mixing. The prepared composite shows gauge factor value of three which is very close to gauge factor value of conductive metals like copper and aluminum. Quasi-static and time dependent piezoresistance was investigated for the prepared composite. Environmental scanning electron microscopy was performed to observe dispersion of CNT in PHBV matrix.

PLA PROPERTY IMPROVEMENT: IMPROVING THE PRACTICAL HEAT RESISTANCE OF POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA)
Shixiong Zhu , Roger Avakian, May 2010

Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a renewable polymer with many unique features including compostability. However, PLA suffers from several performance deficiencies which limit its market potential. A key deficiency is its ability to withstand elevated use temperatures above 55 ?§C. PolyOneƒ??s objective was to explore a range of approaches to identify a practical path to improved heat performance while seeking to maximize renewable content and processability. This paper addresses the industry need for a high renewable content polymer with practical heat resistance without relying on any additional thermal treatments such as annealing. Various PLA-based compounds were prepared and screened using DMA in an effort to correlate results to the heat distortion temperature (HDT) exhibited by injection molded PLA. It was concluded that polymer blends offered the greatest commercial viability of all the approaches considered under normal injection molding conditions. Multi-phase compatible polymer blends were found to have the most significant impact on blend properties. All components of the preferred blend composition are commercially available today. Heat performance can be tailored based upon performance requirements and bio-content objectives. The PLA content of the blends studied varied from 72% to 35%, while the corresponding HDT (under 0.455 MPa load) ranges from 57 ?§C to 101 ?§C. Potential increased bio-derived contents are also considered.

PLA PROPERTY IMPROVEMENT: IMPROVING THE PRACTICAL HEAT RESISTANCE OF POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA)
Shixiong Zhu , Roger Avakian, May 2010

Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a renewable polymer with many unique features including compostability. However PLA suffers from several performance deficiencies which limit its market potential. A key deficiency is its ability to withstand elevated use temperatures above 55C. PolyOne’s objective was to explore a range of approaches to identify a practical path to improved heat performance while seeking to maximize renewable content and processability. This paper addresses the industry need for a high renewable content polymer with practical heat resistance without relying on any additional thermal treatments such as annealing. Various PLA-based compounds were prepared and screened using DMA in an effort to correlate results to the heat distortion temperature (HDT) exhibited by injection molded PLA. It was concluded that polymer blends offered the greatest commercial viability of all the approaches considered under normal injection molding conditions. Multi-phase compatible polymer blends were found to have the most significant impact on blend properties. All components of the preferred blend composition are commercially available today. Heat performance can be tailored based upon performance requirements and bio-content objectives. The PLA content of the blends studied varied from 72% to 35% while the corresponding HDT (under 0.455 MPa load) ranges from 57 ºC to 101 ºC. Potential increased bio-derived contents are also considered.

POLYANILINE MODIFIED CLAY IMPACT ON POLYSTYRENE FOAMING ULTILIZING CARBON DIOXIDE BLOWING AGENT
Yong Min, Bin Zhu, Cailiang Zhang, L. James Lee, May 2010

Polyaniline-clay (PANI-MMT) nanocomposites were synthesized through in-situ polymerization of polyaniline with various dopants. Those nanocomposites were used to blend with polystyrene (PS) to form an expandable composite resin, which will significantly impact the foaming process using a CO2 blowing agent. The material composition and foam morphologies were characterized through various analytical techniques, such as, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, dielectric measurement, UV/vis, and FTIR. Based on our experimental results, we are proposing that the de-doped base form" of Pani-MMT nanocomposites and both "inorganic and organic salt-form" Pani-MMT nanocomposites will act as a "molecular CO2 reservoir" to control the CO2 releasing during the foaming. The selection and optimization on those compounds will be enormously important for developing a new inexpensive and environmental friendly blowing agent for the foam industry to achieve the final goal of replacing the existing CFCs /HCFCs /HFCs blowing agents!"

POLYLACTIDE TOUGHENING USING IMPACT MODIFIERS
Siqiang Zhu , Rahul Rasal , Douglas Hirt, May 2010

The major objective of this research was poly(lactide) (PLA) toughening using two impact modifiers (IMs). IM1 was derived from biodegradable resource and IM2 was non-degradable ethylene-acrylate copolymer. Blend films were prepared using a single screw extruder, and their mechanical properties were measured using tensile testing. Results showed that the Young's modulus did not change significantly with increasing concentration of IM1, but decreased with IM2 concentration. The maximum elongation at break was 240% for IM1 at 8 wt% loading and 255% for IM2 at 12 wt% loading. Clarity of the films decreased with higher additive concentrations for both IMs, but IM1 gave clearer film than IM2 for given composition. AFM images showed IM1 dispersed in PLA as isolated islands at lower compositions and transitioned to short threads at higher compositions; IM2 existed mostly as islands. Annealing of the films at 100 ?§C for 1 h increased the percent crystallinity, but did not affect the mechanical properties significantly.

PROCESSING COSTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BIO-PLASTICS
Julius Vogel , David Grewell , Rob Anex, May 2010

This work studied bio-plastics such as polylactic acid (PLA) and protein based plastics form corn and compared to petroleum based plastics such polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene in terms of their ecological as well as economical performance from a “Cradle to Grave” perspective. This study included energy input emissions output of green house gases and costs from their life cycle steps of raw material acquisition to the final product disposal. It was found that products manufactured from bio-based feedstocks were relatively higher in cost they resulted in less green house gas emissions.

PROCESSING COSTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BIO-PLASTICS
Julius Vogel , Dr. David Grewell , Rob Anex, May 2010

This work studied bio-plastics such as polylactic acid (PLA) and protein based plastics form corn and compared to petroleum based plastics such polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene in terms of their ecological as well as economical performance from a 'Cradle to Grave' perspective. This study included energy input, emissions output of green house gases and costs from their life cycle steps of raw material acquisition to the final product disposal. It was found that products manufactured from bio-based feedstocks were relatively higher in cost, they resulted in less green house gas emissions.

PROPYLENE BLOCK COPOLYMER AS A COMPATIBILIZER FOR POST CONSUMER HDPE/PP BLENDS
Nora Catalina Restrepo Zapata, Juan Manuel Vélez Restrepo, May 2010

Melt compounded polymer blends such as PP/HDPE blends from post consumer waste have often been reported to exhibit poor mechanical properties. This work reports on the potential improvement in performance of PP/HDPE blends using polypropylene copolymers as compatibilizers. The properties of the PP/HDPE blends in general progressively varied from that of 100% HDPE to 100% PP. Analysis showed some improvements in mechanical performance of the blends with the addition of PP copolymers, but DMTA results suggest no improvement in compatibility.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROPERTIES, CITRATE CONTENT AND POSTPRODUCTION TIME FOR A PLASTICIZED POLYLACTIC ACID
Jungjoo Lee, Lih-Sheng Turng, May 2010

Due to the recent interest on citrates as a biodegradable plasticizer for Polylactic acid PLA, several PLA blends that were plasticized with tributyl citrate TBC were prepared in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. A range of 12.4 to 22.5% by weight was considered for the plasticizer content. The thermal, rheological and mechanical properties were correlated with the plasticizer content and compared with pure Polylactic acid. Additionally, the change of these properties as a function of postproduction time was studied and correlated with the plasticizer permanence.

RESEARCH ON DYNAMIC INJECTION MOLDING FOR METAL POWDER GREEN PART
Liu Bin , Liu Qinghui , Feng Yanhong , Qu Jinping, May 2010

A new injection molding for metal powder green part was put forward in detail in this paper. Vibration force field generated by electromagnetic field in the whole process of plasticization, injection and packing, implementing dynamical plasticization metering, injection and packing was introduced. An in-depth experiment study on the effect of vibration force field on metal powder 316L/binder under steady and dynamic injection conditions was carried out with an experiment equipment and dynamic injection machine. Experimental results show that the filling pressure will be reduced when the vibration is introduced, the flow of melts becomes more uniform and the distribution of different components is also more uniform in the green parts during the dynamic injection molding. The mixing dispersion and distribution effect are better and the density is also larger than the green part's with traditional injection molding. The existing of vibration can effectively promote not only the microcosmic structure and also quality of metal powder green part.

RESIN LIFE CYCLE ESTIMATION TO HELP GUIDE SUSTAINABILITY CHOICES
Carol M. Casarino , Barry A. Morris , Susanne R. Veith, May 2010

Life cycle analysis (LCA) is an accepted methodology to determine the environmental impact of a certain material or package at different stages in its product life. In some cases, however, LCAs can be complex and expensive to carry out. DuPont is looking at ways to internally estimate the LCA of its products by using a modular approach: building estimates of nonrenewable energy and green house gas emissions by summing proprietary information on our ingredients and unit operations. The output of this tool will be used to target our internal improvement efforts and potentially help our value chain partners make better multilayer flexible packaging design choices.

RESIN LIFE CYCLE ESTIMATION TO HELP GUIDE SUSTAINABILITY CHOICES
Carol M. Casarino , Barry A. Morris , Susanne R. Veith, May 2010

Life cycle analysis (LCA) is an accepted methodology to determine the environmental impact of a certain material or package at different stages in its product life. In some cases however LCAs can be complex and expensive to carry out. DuPont is looking at ways to internally estimate the LCA of its products by using a modular approach: building estimates of nonrenewable energy and green house gas emissions by summing proprietary information on our ingredients and unit operations. The output of this tool will be used to target our internal improvement efforts and potentially help our value chain partners make better multilayer flexible packaging design choices.







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