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The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Recycling

Various topics related to sustainability in plastics, including bio-related, environmental issues, green, recycling, renewal, re-use and sustainability.
DEVULCANIZATION OF RECYCLED TIRE RUBBER CRUMB WITH SUPERCRITICAL CO2: CURING BEHAVIOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DEGREE OF DEVULCANIZATION
M. Meysami , C. Tzoganakis, May 2010

In this work the devulcanization of tire rubber crumb was studied by using an industrial scale twin screw extruder. A reasonably high throughput extrusion process has been developed and the effect of processing conditions has been studied. The effects of different screw configurations screw speed and feed rate on the stability of process have been investigated. Crosslink density and percent of devulcanization of different samples are measured. Curing behavior tensile strength and elongation at break of different compounds consisting of blends of virgin rubber with devulcanized crumb have also been evaluated.

DURABILITY OF NATURAL FIBER SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND (ECO-SMC)
Masaharu Nishiura , Makoto Sarata , Yuya Hidekuma , Masanori Okano , Asami Nakai , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Recent earth environmental concern requires easy recycle material system and the use of biodegradable polymer and natural fiber is noticed in composite materials. To apply the natural fiber for the structural parts the use as reinforcement of Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) is desirable because it is expected that SMC can be used in various fields in terms of high productivity and dimensional stability. Considering that fiber reinforced composite is used for structural part the use of long-span must be possible. Therefore the evaluation of the durability such as degradation is very important subject. In this study SMC (Sheet Molding Compound) that reinforcement was jute cloth were prepared. The jute cloth reinforced SMC was immersed in hot water to promote the degradation. And after immersion an increase ratio of water and bending properties were compared with that of jute cloth reinforced SMC without immersion. As a result the fracture mechanism changed from the combination of crack propagation in matrix area and delamination in the interface around the fiber bundle to only crack propagation in matrix area by water immersion.

Durability of Natural Fiber Sheet Molding Compound (Eco-SMC)
Masaharu Nishiura , Makoto Sarata , Yuya Hidekuma , Masanori Okano , Asami Nakai , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Recent earth environmental concern requires easy recycle material system, and the use of biodegradable polymer and natural fiber is noticed in composite materials. To apply the natural fiber for the structural parts, the use as reinforcement of Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) is desirable because it is expected that SMC can be used in various fields in terms of high productivity and dimensional stability. Considering that fiber reinforced composite is used for structural part, the use of long-span must be possible. Therefore, the evaluation of the durability such as degradation is very important subject. In this study, SMC (Sheet Molding Compound) that reinforcement was jute cloth were prepared. The jute cloth reinforced SMC was immersed in hot water to promote the degradation. And after immersion, an increase ratio of water and bending properties were compared with that of jute cloth reinforced SMC without immersion. As a result,the fracture mechanism changed from the combination of crack propagation in matrix area and delamination in the interface around the fiber bundle to only crack propagation in matrix area by water immersion.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND DEGRADATION OF BIOPLASTICS FROM RENEWABLE POLYFUNCTIONAL MONOMERS
Mathew D. Rowe , Keisha B. Walters, May 2010

Bioplastics were produced by the copolymerization of 1,3-propanediol (PDO) with malonic acid (MA) and with itaconic acid (IA). Effects of reaction temperature and time were examined on the yields and molecular weight (MW) distributions. The resultant bioplastics were characterized using FTIR and 1H NMR and were found to contain anhydride, ester, and ether backbone functional groups. Hydrolytic degradation of the PDO-MA copolymer was also studied as a function of time, temperature, and pH.

THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF INNOVATION: DELIVERING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THROUGH CREATIVE PEOPLE
Stephen O. Bozzone , Bonnie J. Bachman, May 2010

The goal of innovation should be to create sustainablecompetitive advantage'not just create inventions withlittle or no market value. In order to compete, the productof service being offered must provide value to theconsumer, be differentiated from competitors' offerings,and be protected from imitation. Frequently employeesand managers involved with product development are notaware of the broader picture and the essential elementsnecessary to create innovative products.

EFFECT OF CARBON NANO FIBERS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES
Yunior Hioe , Siva Movva , Dante Guerra , Zhi-Qi Cai , L. James. Lee , Jose M. Castro, May 2010

One of the most attractive environmentally friendly energy generation methods is wind power. In order for this technology to compete favorably with the cost of traditional energy generation methods, the wingspan needs to be greatly increased from current dimensions. For this to occur, we need to take advantage of new material developments such as nano-composites.In order to manufacture such large parts, we need to understand factors affecting flow. In the case of flow through porous media, the material properties are permeability and viscosity. In this work we present preliminary results on the effect of carbon nano fibers on permeability.

EFFECT OF CARBON NANOFIBERS ON THE REACTION KINETICS OF WIND BLADE VINYL ESTER SYSTEM
Siva Movva , Zhi-Qi Cai , Dante Guerra , Yunior Hioe , Jose M Castro , L. James Lee, May 2010

Wind energy is one of the most promising environmentally friendly renewable sources of energy. Epoxy has been the preferred resin used to manufacture wind blades; however with the increased need to lower costs, vinyl ester resin is gaining importance as a alternative material. The curing of vinyl ester resin in the presence of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the carbon nanofibers have a catalytic effect on the curing kinetics of vinyl ester. However there is a percolation threshold and increasing the amount of CNFs beyond this threshold hinders the reaction. A simple autocatalytic model is used to predict the conversion of the vinyl ester resin.

EFFECT OF COMPATIBILIZATION ON CRYSTALLIZATION OF RPET/RPP/CaCO3 BLEND
Supaphorn Thumsorn , Yew Wei Leong , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (RPET),recycled polypropylene (RPP) and CaCO3 were blendedand compatibilized with SEBS copolymer. The effects of compatibilization on morphological, thermal and mechanical properties were investigated. The results indicated that the dispersed phase in compatibilized blends is significantly smaller in size as compared to uncompatibilized blends. The crystallization temperature and crystallinity of the blends were affected by the incorporation of compatibilizers while tensile and impactproperties depended on the content of CaCO3 and compatibilizer.

EFFECT OF COMPATIBILIZATION ON CRYSTALLIZATION OF RPET/RPP/CaCO3 BLEND
Supaphorn Thumsorn , Yew Wei Leong , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) recycled polypropylene (RPP) and CaCO3 were blended and compatibilized with SEBS copolymer. The effects of compatibilization on morphological thermal and mechanical properties were investigated. The results indicated that the dispersed phase in compatibilized blends is significantly smaller in size as compared to uncompatibilized blends. The crystallization temperature and crystallinity of the blends were affected by the incorporation of compatibilizers while tensile and impact properties depended on the content of CaCO3 and compatibilizer.

THE FOAMABILITY OF POLYPROPYLENE COPOLYMER BLOWN WITH ARGON NITROGEN AND HELIUM
Anson Wong , Siu N. Leung , Mohammad M. Hasan , Chul B. Park, May 2010

Due to environmental concerns research has been carried out to investigate the feasibility of using inert gases as blowing agents in plastic foaming processes.However the foamability of polypropylene copolymer blown with argon nitrogen and helium has not been reported previously. This paper investigates the nucleating powers of these gases to foam polypropylene copolymer by studying the polymeric foaming processes in situ.

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ON MATERIALS BASED ON BLENDS OF PLASTICIZED STARCH AND POLYPROPYLENE
Michael J. Forbes , James T. Goetz , Brian A. Young, May 2010

Due to the recent demand for environmentally friendly polymers and the duty to take advantage of renewable natural resources when possible, biopolymers have become an important alternative to synthetic polymers. Starch when using glycerol as a plasticizer has proven to be a processable ƒ??greenƒ? polymer additive when compounded with maleated polypropylene. In this study, material was characterized based on its ability to perform over five months of exposure to natural conditions. The effects on modulus and elongation with the addition of plasticized starch, in a polypropylene matrix, were evaluated and are presented.

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ON MATERIALS BASED ON BLENDS OF PLASTICIZED STARCH AND POLYPROPYLENE
Michael J. Forbes , James T. Goetz , Brian A. Young, May 2010

Due to the recent demand for environmentally friendly polymers and the duty to take advantage of renewable natural resources when possible biopolymers have become an important alternative to synthetic polymers. Starch when using glycerol as a plasticizer has proven to be a processable “green” polymer additive when compounded with maleated polypropylene. In this study material was characterized based on its ability to perform over five months of exposure to natural conditions. The effects on modulus and elongation with the addition of plasticized starch in a polypropylene matrix were evaluated and are presented.

EFFECT OF HAIRLINE CRACK ON THE TOUGHNESS OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
Bernard Chukwuemeka Ogazi-Onyemaechi , Masanori Okano , Yew Wei Leong , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

The effect of notches was investigated by introducing single-edge hairline cracks and V-shaped notches of different depths on dumbbell samples to ascertain the fracture behavior at the skin and core parts of virgin and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate), (V-PET/R-PET), injection-moldings. Investigation shows that the fracture behavior of the materials responded differently to both hairline crack and V-shaped notch. Results revealed that amere 5?¬m deep critical hairline crack caused a drasticchange in the fracture behavior of the materials. In contrast, a standard V-shaped notch would only cause drastic change in toughness at a much higher critical notch depth of 600?¬m. V-shaped notch also provided a gradual transition in fracture behavior from the skin to the core regions, which suggests that the fracture behavior can be dependent on the skin and core sizes of PET injection moldings.

EFFECT OF HAIRLINE CRACK ON THE TOUGHNESS OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
Bernard Chukwuemeka Ogazi-Onyemaechi , Masanori Okano , Yew Wei Leong , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

The effect of notches was investigated by introducing single-edge hairline cracks and V-shaped notches of different depths on dumbbell samples to ascertain the fracture behavior at the skin and core parts of virgin and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (V-PET/R-PET) injection-moldings. Investigation shows that the fracture behavior of the materials responded differently to both hairline crack and V-shaped notch. Results revealed that a mere 5?m deep critical hairline crack caused a drastic change in the fracture behavior of the materials. In contrast a standard V-shaped notch would only cause drastic change in toughness at a much higher critical notch depth of 600?m. V-shaped notch also provided a gradual transition in fracture behavior from the skin to the core regions which suggests that the fracture behavior can be dependent on the skin and core sizes of PET injection moldings.

EFFECT OF HYGROTHERMAL TREATMENT ON RHEOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)/ RECYCLED POLYPROPYLENE BLENDS
Siti Fatimah Aminuddin , Leong Yew Wei , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most important fibers for industrial production due to its high performance,low cost, and recyclability. The amount of waste that arise from post-consumer PET especially in the beverage industry have made recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) a beneficial effort in reducing environmental pollution. Studies of blends and composites using recycled PET have been carried out with several polymeric materials, like polyethylene and polystyrene. In this work, recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/ recycled polypropylene (RPET/RPP) blends was subjected to injection molding and then subjected to hydrothermal treatment in water bath at below transition glass temperature to determine the amount of moisture absorption. As polypropylene tends to degrade at a faster rate than poly(ethylene terephthalate), the results show that defect of polypropylene effect the tensile strength and modulus of the RPET/RPP blends.

EFFECT OF HYGROTHERMAL TREATMENT ON RHEOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)/ RECYCLED POLYPROPYLENE BLENDS
Siti Fatimah Aminuddin , Leong Yew Wei , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most important fibers for industrial production due to its high performance low cost and recyclability. The amount of waste that arise from post-consumer PET especially in the beverage industry have made recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) a beneficial effort in reducing environmental pollution. Studies of blends and composites using recycled PET have been carried out with several polymeric materials like polyethylene and polystyrene. In this work recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/ recycled polypropylene (RPET/RPP) blends was subjected to injection molding and then subjected to hydrothermal treatment in water bath at below transition glass temperature to determine the amount of moisture absorption. As polypropylene tends to degrade at a faster rate than poly(ethylene terephthalate) the results show that defect of polypropylene effect the tensile strength and modulus of the RPET/RPP blends.

EFFECT OF NANO FILLERS IN HYBRID BIO DEGRADABLE THERMOPLASTIC CORNSTARCH MATERIALS
Spencer Seung Kim , Bok Hee Kim , Joshua Knies, May 2010

There is a global interest in replacing petroleum based synthetic composites with biodegradable hybrid materials in order to use renewable resources and to reduce the amount of persistent non-biodegradable plastics waste. Fillers (or reinforcements) play an important role to improve various characteristics in biodegradable hybrid composites. Various types of inorganic fillers are used to modify the properties of biodegradable composites in industrial applications. This paper attempts to investigate the effects of inorganic fillers (such as halloysite nano clay and calcium carbonate (CaCO3)) on the mechanical properties (tensile testing) and microstructures of hybrid thermoplastic cornstarch (TPS) material systems.

TRENDS AND NEEDS IN AUTOMOTIVE MATCHED BY VARIOUS PLASTIC SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
Bert Havenith, May 2010

An overview is given of the various drivers, needs and trends in the automotive industry and how these are matched by various new plastic solutions, which in the end all significantly increase the sustainability of various car components and of the cars in total.

UNDERSTANDING THE COMPATIBILIZATION OF POLYPROPYLENE/POLYSULFONE MEMBRANES
V. Flaris , N. Montero, May 2010

Polypropylene (PP)/polysulfone (PSU) membranes were successfully made using an environmentally-friendly process. Flux amongst other mechanical properties were improved with the introduction of functional polyolefins.Understanding the chemistry and location of the functional polyolefins is critical to explaining these improvements.

UNDERSTANDING THE COMPATIBILIZATION OF POLYPROPYLENE/POLYSULFONE MEMBRANES
V. Flaris , N. Montero, May 2010

Polypropylene (PP)/polysulfone (PSU) membranes were successfully made using an environmentally-friendly process. Flux amongst other mechanical properties, were improved with the introduction of functional polyolefins. Understanding the chemistry and location of the functional polyolefins is critical to explaining these improvements.







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