SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
THERMO-MECHANICAL STUDIES OF DOUBLE NETWORK ELASTOMERIC SYSTEM
A new approach to prepare and characterize double network elastomeric system is investigated. A styrene-ethylene-co-butylene-styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer system containing physical crosslinks is used to achieve a double network additional crosslinking using ultra-violet (UV) light. Results from conventional monotonic tensile tests and thermo-mechanical properties are presented.
STUDY ON DISPERSIBILITY OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN CHITOSAN
COMPOSITES
The dispersibility of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in
water of different pH and in aqueous chitosan (CS)
solution acidified with different acids were investigated.
The untreated CNT could not disperse in water of 1 ? pH
< 13 whereas the acid-treated CNT could well disperse in
this range except the pH ? 3. CS was soluble in water of
pH ? 3. This paper presents an investigation on the
dispersibility of CNT in CS in aqueous solutions and in
composite films.
STUDY ON DISPERSIBILITY OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN CHITOSAN COMPOSITES
The dispersibility of carbon nanotubes (CNT) inwater of different pH and in aqueous chitosan (CS)solution acidified with different acids were investigated.The untreated CNT could not disperse in water of 1 ' pH< 13 whereas the acid-treated CNT could well disperse inthis range except the pH ' 3. CS was soluble in water ofpH ' 3. This paper presents an investigation on thedispersibility of CNT in CS in aqueous solutions and incomposite films.
DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE MECHANISMS IN POLYETHYLENE / CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
Polyethylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites based on LDPE, HDPE and LLDPE of similar rheological properties were prepared and mechanically tested in tension mode. It was shown that nanocomposites based on LLDPE exhibit a very peculiar behavior, with a significant improvement in toughness (elongation at break). The microstructural features of the various nanocomposites were investigated through scanning and/or transmission electron microscopy. Based on those observations, an explanation for the deformation and fracture mechanisms in LLDPE/montmorillonite nanocomposites was proposed.
SILOXANE-POLYETHERIMIDE BLOCK COPOLYMERS
A New High Heat SILTEM?? polyetherimidesiloxane block copolymer with Tg of ~202 oC is developed. It is an amophous melt processable polymer along with low flexural modulus. These polymers form transparent miscible blends with existing polyetherimidesiloxane polymer across all compositions resulting in a wider range of properties a enabling use in a gamut of applications
POLYMER-GRAPHITE NANOCOMPOSITES VIA BATCH AND CONTINUOUS SOLID-STATE PULVERIZATION METHODS
Solid-state fabrication of polymer nanocomposites has advantages over conventional processing methods. Polypropylene-graphite nanocomposites were fabricated via two contrastive solid-state processes, batch-based cryogenic milling and continuous solid-state shear pulverization. The effects of filler loading and processing parameters such as pulverization time and harshness of pulverization were investigated. Composite morphology was characterized via XRD and SEM. The mechanical properties were measured via tensile and impact testing, while the thermal behavior was probed by DSC and TGA.
HOW NUCLEATED MMW HDPE RESINS INFLUENCE BARRIER FILM STRUCTURE DESIGN
This paper describes a film structure study involving nucleated medium molecular weight high density polyethylene (MMW HDPE) materials that enhance film properties. Using these new nucleated MMW HDPEs, several film structures have been designed to improve moisture barrier, oxygen barrier, toughness and cost, as well as reduce the environmental footprint by downgauging existing film structures. The films in this study use a variety of polyethylene materials commonly used in the film converting industry.
A COMPARATIVE EXTERIOR WEATHERING STUDY ON HIGH HEAT POLYCARBONATES FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
Weathering performance of a new carbon black pigmented high heat polycarbonate copolymer has been investigated. Superior retention of optical properties (e.g. color and gloss) is observed with the copolymer after 750hrs of weathering exposure in comparison with other commercial alternatives. Various surface characterization techniques are used to understand the mechanism & quantify the photodegradation effect. Morphology imaging through atomic force microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope are used to explain the improved retention of gloss with the copolymer.
MORPHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS IN POLYCAPROLACTONE/THERMOPLASTIC STARCH BLENDS
The coalescence, continuity development, dynamic and static mechanical properties, as well as interfacial interactions, were studied for polycaprolactone/thermoplastic starch blends. These materials, prepared by a one-step extrusion process, demonstrate the features of a highly interacting system and the tensile mechanical properties demonstrate exceptional ductility at very high levels of thermoplastic starch without any added interfacial modifier.
PET/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BY MELT COMPOUNDING
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanocomposites were prepared via melt compounding of PET and different levels of organomodified silicate layers. Cloisite 30B and thermally stable phosphonium modified montmorillonite were mixed with PET, using an internal mixer or a twin screw extruder. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to evaluate the effects of composition and processing conditions on the quality of the nanocomposites.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND ROLL PRESSING ON THE PROPERTIES OF IPP SHEETS
By using a processing of gas-cooling and roll pressing (GCRP), the temperature, strain and stress of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) sheets can be controlled and both ?ý-modification and ?ñ-modification can be found in the sheets. The tensile strength of sheet in longitudinal direction increased by 14.1% at most, tensile modulus 14.2%, flexural strength 50.3% and impact strength 22.2%. Therefore the strength and toughness of iPP can be increased simultaneously by GCRP.
A HISTORY OF COPOLYESTER DEVELOPMENT AT
EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) first appeared
in beverage containers in the early 1970’s. It provided a
combination of clarity toughness and barrier properties
all at a reasonable cost. Over the last several decades
Eastman Chemical Company has developed numerous
commercially successful families of copolyesters derived
from basic PET technology. This paper will present an
overview of these developments starting with PET and
culminating with the recent commercialization of
Eastman Tritan™ Copolyesters.
A HISTORY OF COPOLYESTER DEVELOPMENT AT EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) first appeared in beverage containers in the early 1970's. It provided a combination of clarity, toughness, and barrier properties, all at a reasonable cost. Over the last several decades, Eastman Chemical Company has developed numerous commercially successful families of copolyesters derived from basic PET technology. This paper will present an overview of these developments starting with PET and culminating with the recent commercialization of Eastman Tritan' Copolyesters.
IMPROVING THE FEEDING ZONE OF SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS AT HIGH ROTATION SPEED BY USING THE DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD
Increasing screw speed is a possible approach to improve the performance of a single screw extruder but it challenges the processing technology and the material processed. Apart from difficult melting, the feeding of the screw with granules is complicated. This results in partially filled screw channels. In the following, the resin transfer depending on the screw speed is investigated and analyzed by means of the simulation program EDEM, which is based on the Discrete Element Method.
THE APPLICATIONS OF MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL METHODS IN INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS MONITORING
In recent years, a series of multivariate statistical methods have been developed for batch process modeling and online monitoring, which take important batch process characteristics into consideration, such as, multiphase, batch dynamics and so on. As a typical batch process, injection molding is a suitable object to employ these methods. In this paper, the potential applications of these methods in industry are shown by monitoring and fault diagnosis results of the injection molding process.
PROPERTIES AND THERMOFORMING OF EASTMAN TRITAN™ COPOLYESTER FOR SIGNS
Tritan™ copolyester is a new high temperature
polymer developed by Eastman Chemical Company.
Tritan™ has many property attributes suitable for outdoor
sign applications including excellent color and clarity a
high heat distortion temperature and excellent toughness.
In addition TritanTM exhibits advantageous
thermoforming performance at low temperatures so that
(1) sheet can be formed without blistering due to absorbed
moisture eliminating the need to pre-dry the sheet and (2)
sheet pre-decorated with vinyl film can be thermoformed
without damaging the vinyl.
PROPERTIES AND THERMOFORMING OF EASTMAN TRITAN™ COPOLYESTER FOR SIGNS
Tritan' copolyester is a new high temperature polymer developed by Eastman Chemical Company. Tritan' has many property attributes suitable for outdoor sign applications including excellent color and clarity, a high heat distortion temperature, and excellent toughness. In addition, TritanTM exhibits advantageous thermoforming performance at low temperatures so that (1) sheet can be formed without blistering due to absorbed moisture eliminating the need to pre-dry the sheet and (2) sheet pre-decorated with vinyl film can be thermoformed without damaging the vinyl.
MELT COMPOUNDING OF POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ORGANOCLAYS
PET-clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding using several organoclays. A new approach was used to overcome some of the problems associated with the thermal degradation of ammonium surfactants during melt processing at high temperature. The dispersion and performance characteristics of the new nanocomposite systems are compared to those obtained for systems employing ammonium or phosphonium surfactants.
ANALYSIS OF THERMOPLASTIC PROPERTIES AFTER CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND NORMALIZATION
This study investigates tensile and impact property changes of polymers after cryogenic treatment and normalization to room temperature. Amorphous and crystalline specimens are subjected to multiple durations and cooling rates then reviewed for statistically significant shifts in properties. Statistical analysis of standard materials testing results show that the modulus of semi-crystalline materials tended to decrease after treatment and the ductility of HDPE and HIPS increased.
ANALYSIS OF THERMOPLASTIC PROPERTIES AFTER CRYOGENIC
TREATMENT AND NORMALIZATION
This study investigates tensile and impact property
changes of polymers after cryogenic treatment and
normalization to room temperature. Amorphous and
crystalline specimens are subjected to multiple durations
and cooling rates, then reviewed for statistically
significant shifts in properties. Statistical analysis of
standard materials testing results show that the modulus
of semi-crystalline materials tended to decrease after
treatment and the ductility of HDPE and HIPS increased.
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