SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
BEYOND THE BLING: THE DEVELOPMENT OF DECORATIVE PVD/UV COATING SYSTEMS
Several market and technological developments occuring at the same time are resulting in a surge of interest and development of systems that utilize both decorative physical vapor deposition (PVD) and coatings that utilize ultraviolet light curing mechanisms.
REBUILDING A PLASTIC ENGINEERING CAREER IN YOUR FOURTH DECADE
Downsizing is affecting technical employees in mature industries, such as plastics. This paper examines the statistical probability of being impacted by these organizational changes. Strategies are presented to plan for the financial, professional and emotional impacts. If properly planned, rebuilding a technical career can be a rewarding experience.
PROCESSING COSTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BIO-PLASTICS
This work studied bio-plastics such as polylactic acid (PLA) and protein based plastics form corn and compared to petroleum based plastics such polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene in terms of their ecological as well as economical performance from a 'Cradle to Grave' perspective. This study included energy input, emissions output of green house gases and costs from their life cycle steps of raw material acquisition to the final product disposal. It was found that products manufactured from bio-based feedstocks were relatively higher in cost, they resulted in less green house gas emissions.
A COMPARISON OF VELOCITY TO PRESSURE TRANSFER CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR INJECTION MOLDING
Injection molders commonly use a ram position setting to control switchover. As in-mold sensors have become more widespread, using them to control switchover ensures more consistent part quality than machine-based control.Herein we explore several control strategies applied to an array of different mold configurations and materials.We evaluate each method's ability to minimize in-cavity variation when material viscosity changes. The results provide the molder with information for choosing a control strategy appropriate to each application.
SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION APPLICATIONS IN INJECTION MOLDING
A simulation optimization methodology based on design of experiments and metamodeling is applied to injection molding in this work. The proposed method is used first to select the best processing conditions for injection molding a Kodak disposable camera front plate; and, secondly to decide on the best injection gates configuration from three different injection scenarios, as well as the values of mold temperature and melt temperature for a real automotive part in order to minimize variability. The optimization results are discussed in light of the qualities of the simulation optimization method.
IMPROVEMENT OF TRANSPARENCY AND PROCESSING PROPERTIES
OF HARD TPU MATERIALS
A statistical model is discussed which will help to understand the sequence length distribution of thermoplastic polyurethane block copolymers. Using this model processing range and transparency of some TPU materials were correlated to the theoretical segment length distribution. Considering this analysis some new Elastollan® 1200 materials (E 1200 materials) were developed. Due to the wide processing range and the high transparency of these new materials they are suitable to an increased number of applications.
DESIGNING FOR DIVERSE LOADING CONDITIONS AND PREDICTABLE FAILURE IN A COMPOSITE HYDROFOIL
A hydrofoil is subjected to many unique and varied loading situations. It must both withstand design loads and fail in a way that does not pose a hazard to the vessel it is attached to or the operators and/or passengers on board. This research investigates designing for several loading situations, while an attempt is made to ensure potential failure occurs in a specific, predictable and contained manner
PHYSICAL FOAMING OF ELASTOMERS IN THE INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS
Besides material and cost reduction the production of foamed elastomer parts offers the possibility to adjust part properties by modifying the cellular structure. This paper describes the physical foaming of rubber from its first step which is the dissolving of inert gases in the material to the foaming itself, its necessary equipment and different ways of conducting the process. Furthermore it discusses how to obtain desired part properties by varying process parameters.
A REAL-TIME SYSTEM FOR THE INSPECTION OF TEXTURED SURFACES
Embossed or printed plastic surfaces are widely used as decoration elements. However, no inspection systems exist that can inspect products with irregular textures such as artificial leather or imitation wood.
This paper describes a system for the inline inspection of extruded surfaces with irregular textures. By incorporating algorithms for texture analysis into an inspection system, defects can be reliably detected and classified at real-time.
SOFT TIP ABRASION RESISTANT PRY BAR FOR ROTATIONAL MOLDING
The current practice of using steel pry bars to open a
rotational mold and de-mold the parts during the rotational
molding process is one of the primary causes of damage to
expensive aluminum molds and molded parts.
Pry bars with soft but tough and abrasion resistant molded
tips will reduce the mold damage during the de-molding
process.
Introduction
SOFT TIP ABRASION RESISTANT PRY BAR FOR ROTATIONAL MOLDING
The current practice of using steel pry bars to open a rotational mold and de-mold the parts during the rotational molding process is one of the primary causes of damage to expensive aluminum molds and molded parts.Pry bars with soft but tough and abrasion resistant molded tips will reduce the mold damage during the de-molding process.
ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION STUDIES ARE ENHANCED BY
DSC FAST COOLING
Isothermal crystallization experiments provide useful
information for applications concerning the processing of
fibers films soda bottles and injection molding. This
isothermal crystallization study demonstrates a new
extraordinary and unique extreme-precision-cooling-rate
of a Double Furnace Power Compensation DSC. This
new cooling technique called Ballistic Cooling. Plastics
foods pharmaceutical and other applications will benefit
from these new cooling techniques.
ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION STUDIES ARE ENHANCED BY DSC FAST COOLING
Isothermal crystallization experiments provide useful information for applications concerning the processing of fibers, films, soda bottles, and injection molding. This isothermal crystallization study demonstrates a new, extraordinary, and unique, extreme-precision-cooling-rate of a Double Furnace Power Compensation DSC. This new cooling technique called Ballistic Cooling. Plastics, foods, pharmaceutical, and other applications will benefit from these new cooling techniques.
MEASUREMENTS OF BIAXIAL STRESSES DURING THE COMPRESSION OF BULK RESIN FEED
Compression of the bulk solids feed resin is important in solids conveying in single screw extruders. The compressive stresses in the solid bed act with friction to produce solids conveying flow. Classically, the stresses have been assumed isotropic. However, a laboratory test given here demonstrates the biaxial stress in solids feed. Measurements were made of the biaxial stresses during compression for HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, PET pellets, and PET powder, and the results are correlated with some extruder solids conveying performance.
MANAGEMENT 101: LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT LESSONS LEARNED FROM MY YEARS IN CORPORATE AMERICA
Reductions in force, layoffs and early retirements have left a management and leadership voids in many corporations. As a result, many good candidates have been pushed into leadership positions without the training, skills development and/or experiences that their predecessors have had in the past. This article is intended to summarize a series of lessons learned from my management experiences during my twentyƒ??seven year tenure at Xerox Corporation.
SCRATCH-RESISTANT TRANSPARENT POLYCARBONATES WITH ECO-COMPLIANT
FLAME PROPERTIES
Polycarbonate resins possessing high
surface hardness and improved scratch
resistance have been developed for injection
molding applications. Due to their transparent
nature and good balance of physical and
mechanical properties these resins find
applications in the business equipment mobile
phone and electronic device industries. They
also possess increased resistance to oxygen and
/ or water vapor migration making them
suitable candidates for medical packaging. New
developments in the area of flame retardancy
will be discussed in this paper.
SCRATCH-RESISTANT, TRANSPARENT POLYCARBONATES WITH ECO-COMPLIANT
Polycarbonate resins possessing high surface hardness and improved scratch resistance have been developed for injection molding applications. Due to their transparent nature and good balance of physical and mechanical properties, these resins find applications in the business equipment, mobile phone and electronic device industries. They also possess increased resistance to oxygen and / or water vapor migration, making them suitable candidates for medical packaging. New developments in the area of flame retardancy will be discussed in this paper.
BIAXIAL FORMING BEHAVIOR OF DECORATIVE FILM LAMINATES
Biaxial Forming Behavior of Decorative Film Laminates
THERMOPLASTIC POLYIMIDE- POLYETHERETHERKETONE BLENDS WITH EXCEPTIONAL HIGH TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES
New thermoplastic polyimide (TPI) ƒ?? polyetheretherketone (PEEK) blends improve high temperature load bearing capability and dimensional stability of PEEK. These phase-separated blends maintain PEEKƒ??s fast crystallization rate unlike other one-phase miscible PEEK blends. Blend compositions can be varied to tailor mechanical thermal flow and end-use properties for a wide-array of applications.
EFFECT OF MOLECULAR ORIENTATION INDUCED BY ULTRA-HIGH INJECTION SPEED ON SCRATCH BEHAVIOR OF POLYPROPYLENE (PP)
A linearly increasing load scratch test based on ISO 19252 was performed to study scratch behavior of injection molded polypropylene (PP) at different injection speeds of 10, 100, and 1000 mm/sec. The results showed that higher injection speed led to higher scratch resistance. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) results showed that high injection speed induced higher crystalline orientation near the surface. It was found that highly oriented polymer chains caused higher scratch resistance.
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