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A STUDY OF PROCESSING INDUCED PART FAILURES
Priyanka Singh, Santanu Dutta, Abhijit Baruah, Neelam Singh, Y. Vasudeo, May 2010
Of the four pillars required for the successful development of a plastic part; material selection, part design, processing, and service environment, processing is often assumed to be the most controllable. Even when the service environment has been properly defined, the best design principles implemented, and the appropriate material selected, seemingly insignificant changes in processing can grossly and adversely affect an otherwise well developed product. This paper will explore case studies where the failure of the part can be traced directly back to improper processing and how shortcomings in processing ultimately predisposed them to premature failure.
REINFORCEMENT OF POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITE SYSTEMS: EFFECT OF FILLERS AND COMPATIBILIZERS
Priyanka Singh , Santanu Dutta , Abhijit Baruah , Neelam Singh , Y. Vasudeo, May 2010
The purpose of this work is to compare the mechanical properties of the different PP/ Filler composites. We considered the effect of treatment of the filler on the adhesion between the filler and the matrix .Modification of polypropylene (PP) with different coated and uncoated fillers is investigated in this paper. Six types of different fillers are used for preparation of filled PP composites. The composite samples were homogenized in a twin screw extruder. The compatibility of PP and fillers focused in this study and modified by using coupling agent. The obtained values of composites were correlated with mechanical properties.
REINFORCEMENT OF POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITE SYSTEMS: EFFECT OF FILLERS AND COMPATIBILIZERS
Priyanka Singh , Santanu Dutta , Abhijit Baruah , Neelam Singh , Y. Vasudeo, May 2010
The purpose of this work is to compare the mechanical properties of the different PP/ Filler composites. We considered the effect of treatment of the filler on the adhesion between the filler and the matrix .Modification of polypropylene (PP) with different coated and uncoated fillers is investigated in this paper. Six types of different fillers are used for preparation of filled PP composites. The composite samples were homogenized in a twin screw extruder. The compatibility of PP and fillers focused in this study and modified by using coupling agent.The obtained values of composites were correlated with mechanical properties.
POLYSTYRENE NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS BY IN SITU POLYMERIZATION INTO ZN AL LAYER DOUBLE HYDROXIDE STEARATE HEXADECANE STYRENE MONOMER INTERLAYER
Sunny M. Ogbomo , Mickey C. Richardson , Paul S. Braterman , Zhi Ping Xu , Nandika A. D’Souza, May 2010
Zn-Al Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) containing nitrate as the interlayer anion was prepared by coprecipitation. The resulting suspension was treated with deprotonated stearic acid (octadecanoic acid) to give an organo-modified hydrotalcite compound (Zn-Al LDHStearate).The prepared LDH-stearate was successfully delaminated in hexadecane resulting in a Zn-Al LDH stearate/hexadecane. In situ intercalative polymerization of styrene with the delaminated LDH (with different ratios) resulted in the formation of partially exfoliated polystyrene-based LDH-stearate/hexadecane nanocomposites (polymer/clay nanocomposites). The delaminated LDH nanosheets before and after introduction into the polystyrene matrix were confirmed by elemental analysis Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). X-ray diffraction confirmed exfoliation of the LDH through the disappearance of the basal (003) reflection.
NOVEL BIO-BASED THERMOSET RESINS FROM EPOXIDIZED VEGETABLE OILS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
Mohammad H. Al-Wohoush, Musa R. Kamal, May 2010
Bio-derived thermosets were cured from inexpensive, low-toxicity precursors. Epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) were crosslinked with a range of crosslinking agents: branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) and triethylenetetramine (TETA). Curing conditions were optimized through solvent uptake and soluble fraction analysis. Properties may be varied from elastomeric to rigid. Rigid bioepoxies, while not as stiff as conventional materials, are expected to display better toughness and may be promising for coatings and as binders in engineered wood products.
ROOT CAUSE INVESTIGATION OF CRACKED POLYCARBONATE FOOD BLENDER JARS
Divya Kosuri, Sunny M. Ogbomo, Nandika A. D’Souza, May 2010
Polycarbonates find applications in food industries due to their clarity and ductility. Sometimes failure of a polycarbonate part occurs. In food blender jars molded from polycarbonate, cracks were observed in the sealed joint only a few days after assembly. The root cause was investigated via microscopy, FTIR and GC-MS analyses. It was determined the cracks initiated and radially propagated from the bottom raised lip of the part. The root cause was a combination of a high stress in the lip region due to molding and design, and environmental chemical compounds, i.e., esters from a melt nut used in the assembly. The failure was typical environmental stress cracking (ESC) problem.
LOW SMOKE POLYPHENYLENE ETHER BLENDS
Nivedita Sangaj , Amol Mohite , Abhijit Namjoshi , Kirti Sharma , Vijay Mhetar, May 2010
Flame retardance, low smoke generation and low smoke toxicity (often referred to as the FST properties) are among the critical requirements for polymeric materials used in building and construction as well as mass transit interior applications. Polyphenylene ether (PPE) is wellknown for its high char formation and low smoke toxicity when burned. Addition of a proprietary smoke suppressant 'LS-1' to a flame-retarded PPE blend results in low smoke density without significantly affecting smoke toxicity and flame-retardance, possibly owing to the formation of intumescent char. In addition to improved FST performance, various PPE compositions exhibit low specific gravity, wide colorability and good mechanical, thermal and electrical properties.
COMPRESSION INDUCED SOLIDIFICATION (CIS) . A NOVEL INJECTION MOLDING STRATEGY FOR HIGH PRECISION PARTS
N. Rudolph , I. Kühnert , G. W. Ehrenstein, May 2010
During polymer processing the solidification is accompanied by local and temporarily varying temperature and pressure distributions. The simultaneous occurrence of the molten and solid state leads to the development of inhomogeneous shrinkage and dimensional instability.With a novel processing approach (CIS), the solidification is achieved by uniform compression over the entire part volume, which leads to an even shrinkage.In this paper, the fundamentals for this process were investigated. It was found that the specific volume is dependent on the pathway of compression. As main impact factors the pressure, temperature and compression speed were detected. Finally, the compression heating of the melt was measured and a relation to the volume change was found.
THREE DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF COEXTRUSION IN A COMPLEX PROFILE DIE
N. Rudolph, I. Kühnert, G. W. Ehrenstein, May 2010
Mesh partitioning technique is used to simulate bilayer coextrusion in a complex profile extrusion die. Mesh partitioning technique allows coextrusion simulation without changing the finite element mesh as the interface between the adjacent polymer layers is changed during a coextrusion simulation. Since the finite element mesh in the die remains fixed during the simulation, the mesh partitioning technique allows coextrusion simulation even in highly complicated profile dies. Effect of polymer viscosity on interface shape, velocity, pressure, shear rate, and residence time distribution in a profile coextrusion die is analyzed. It is found that polymer viscosity has significant effect on the interface shape, velocity, pressure, and shear rate, but only a minor effect on the residence time distribution in the die.
MICRO INJECTION MOLDING OF LCP-MODIFIED PA66
A. Gava , G. Lucchetta, May 2010
Injection molded micro parts require accurate replication of micro-scale features. This replication is governed by complex mechanisms and its quality depend on the plastic material properties the geometry of the features and the process conditions The objective of this paper is to improve the replication of the micro-scale features by decreasing the polymer viscosity. The effects of melt viscosity and molding conditions on replication of microscopic features in injection molded parts were examined for a PA66 blended with a LCP additive. The replication was measured at different contents of LCP and at different process conditions.
SELECTIVE LOCALIZATION AND MIGRATION OF MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES IN BLENDS OF POLYCARBONATE AND STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE
Andreas Göldel , Gaurav Kasaliwal , Petra Pötschke, May 2010
The localization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) in immiscible polymer blends was discussed based on the aspect ratio of the filler particles and the wetting coefficient. As a model system, MWNT were introduced into compatible blends of polycarbonate (PC) and poly-styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) by melt mixing in a microcompounder either by pre-compounding small amounts into PC or SAN or by mixing all three components together. In agreement with the presented theoretical considerations, in all blends, regardless of the way of introducing the nanotubes, the MWNT were exclusively located within the polycarbonate phase, inspite of the almost equal surface energies of the two blend phases.
MORPHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF POLYPROPYLENE/POLYAMIDE 6 BLEND MOLDED BY WATER-ASSISTED INJECTION MOLDING
Han-Xiong Huang , Run-Heng Zhou , Wei-Wen Zhou, May 2010
Morphology development of polypropylene /polyamide 6 (PP/PA6) blend in water-assisted injection molded (WAIM) curved pipe was investigated. The blend morphology development was interpreted with the aid of stress and temperature fields within the mold cavity under melt filling and high-pressure water penetration during WAIM process. The results showed that the morphology developed at the position near the water inlet is induced mainly by the melt filling, whereas the morphology at the position near the end of water channel is mainly ascribed to the high-pressure water-assisted filling. Then the water pressure and melt temperature were investigated in terms of their effects on the morphology development of dispersed PA6 phase. It was demonstrated that higher water pressure result in more obvious deformation of the dispersed phase at the position near the end of water channel.
DIE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION FOR MONOLAYER AND COEXTRUSION PROCESSES
Han-Xiong Huang, Run-Heng Zhou, Wei-Wen Zhou, May 2010
Multilayer materials offer benefits in terms of new materials for packaging and barrier applications. The ability to maintain layer stability as the material flows into different die designs is important for fabrication of these materials. This work investigated different die designs for use in fabricating multilayer films. Three dimensional analyses of different types of manifold designs have been applied to optimize the die design of a coat hanger die. For the horizontal multilayer systems, an elongated tear drop manifold design with a relatively sharp angle provided the most uniform flow and layer distribution. With the vertical multilayer system, however, a gradual change in the manifold geometry enabled more uniform flow. The vertical layered systems also consistently exhibited curving of the layer interfaces. The horizontal layers were not affected by the presence of a secondary manifold, but in vertical layered systems, the secondary manifold produced non-uniformities in the layers and instabilities in the flow.
A NOVEL 3-D BLOW MOLDING METHOD AND ITS PART THICKNESS CONTROL STRATEGY
Geng-Qun Huang , Han-Xiong Huang, May 2010
In this study, a novel air traction 3-D blow molding machine was presented. Distinct from conventional blow molding machine, this 3-D blow molding machine utilized compressed air to draw the extruded parison through the closed mold. The results showed that the new 3-D molding machine was low flash waste and high molding quality. To further improve the performance of the 3-D blow molded product, a control strategy based on fuzzy iterative learning control algorithm was designed and implemented to control the wall thickness of blow molded part. The results showed that after five times iterations, the average axial thickness of 3-D bend pipe converged to the object area of thickness.
BIAXIAL CONSTITUTIVE RESPONSE OF PET DURING HOT DRAWING: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND NEW IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING
Andy C.-Y. Lew , Paul Buckley, May 2010
A study was made of hot drawing of an amorphous isotropic poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) under biaxial stress in the temperature and strain rate regime prevalent in injection stretch blow molding and biaxial film drawing. The constitutive response was mapped out more thoroughly than hitherto as functions of temperature and strain rate for constant width and equi-biaxial drawing. The data suggest multiple Eyring type flow activation volumes at lower drawing temperatures. Also the flow activation volume appears to decrease with increasing strain level possibly attributed to entanglement slippage and intrinsic anisotropy of the flow process. The former observation would have a significant implication for current constitutive modelling approaches based on single shear and pressure activation volumes. The implications for refinement of the model are discussed.
BIAXIAL CONSTITUTIVE RESPONSE OF PET DURING HOT DRAWING: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND NEW IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING
Andy C.-Y. Lew , Paul Buckley, May 2010
A study was made of hot drawing of an amorphous isotropic poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) under biaxial stress, in the temperature and strain rate regime prevalent in injection stretch blow molding and biaxial film drawing. The constitutive response was mapped out more thoroughly than hitherto, as functions of temperature and strain rate, for constant width and equi-biaxial drawing. The data suggest multiple Eyring type flow activation volumes at lower drawing temperatures. Also the flow activation volume appears to decrease with increasing strain level, possibly attributed to entanglement slippage and intrinsic anisotropy of the flow process. The former observation would have a significant implication for current constitutive modelling approaches based on single shear and pressure activation volumes. The implications for refinement of the model are discussed.
STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF LDPE
Jian Wang , Marc Mangnus , Wallace Yau , Willem deGroot , Teresa Karjala , Mehmet Demirors, May 2010
The molecular structures of high pressure low density polyethylenes (LDPE) are notoriously difficult to characterize due to their highly long-chain branched (LCB) structure. The level and the distribution of the LCBs in LDPE vary with polymerization processes and reactor conditions and these changes may have significant effects on the rheological properties of these resins. A more refined structure ƒ?? property relationship for LDPE is greatly needed. In this study by combining advanced triple-detector gel permeation chromatography with rheological measurements the structure-property relationships of a broad range of LDPEs were investigated. Despite large variations in the molecular weights molecular weight distributions and the molecular structures of the samples some correlations between the solution and melt properties were observed which are consistent with rheological theories.
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN DARK COLORED WINDOWS AND SIDING - PART II - ACHIEVING SUFFICIENT VINYL STIFFNESS IN THE SUN
Rory A. Wolf, May 2010
Successful dark colored windows and siding require several properties discussed in Part I of a companion paper. Two important factors are low coefficient of linear thermal expansion for low thermal stresses and sufficient glass transition temperature to maintain stiffness at maximum solar heating for several decades of time. This work estimates properties for 25 years with additive formulations containing fillers, polymers, polymer blends, and chlorinated PVC. Two promising materials to provide successful properties are a blend of PVC with poly-?ñ-methylstyrene/acrylonitrile/styrene and chlorinated PVC, both filled with talc.
IMPROVING ADHESION PERFORMANCE BETWEEN LOW SURFACE TENSION COMPOSITE AND DISSIMILAR SUBSTRATES
Rory A. Wolf, May 2010
The growing demand for high performance plastic components for automobile aerospace medical and electronic applications has made the job of formulating paints adhesives and coatings more challenging. Composite plastics having low surface energies but which deliver high-strength low-weight performance are becoming more prevalent. Adhesion to the surfaces of these composites as well as between dissimilar high performance materials is being solved by atmospheric pretreatment technologies. This paper links specific atmospheric surface pretreatment improvements in adhesion to an array of composite and dissimilar materials.
EVALUATION OF GATE GEOMETRY AND PROCESSING VARIABLES EFFECTS ON GATE FREEZING TIME BY CFD METHOD
V. Movahednia , M. Mehranpour , H. Nazockdast, May 2010
The aim of the present work was to study the effects of gate geometry and processing parameter on the gate freezing time and quality of the injection molding by using CFD method. The simulation was performed on two different gate geometries Pin and Fan gate for polyacetal. The gate freezing time was predicted on the basis of solidified fraction as a function of time. In the experimental works the gate freezing time was taken as the time which the weight of moldings remained unchanged. From the predicted results it was found that at equal gate cross-section the freezing time of fan gate was shorter than that of the Pin gate. A good agreement was found between the predicted and experimental results.


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