The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Shia-Chung Chen , Pham Son Minh , I-Sheng Hsieh , Yan-Chen Chiou, May 2010
In recent years, the variotherm molding technologies is more and more popular; and the pulsed cooling approach is one of the variotherm processing. However, the complicated cooling control system and the transient behavior of the mold made it difficult to optimize the process. In this study, through applying the comprehensive consideration with various operation specifications in simulation method, including pulsed time, coolant temperature, mold open and mold close temperatures, the cycle time can be dramatically reduced comparing to that of conventional method. In addition, experimental study will also perform to verify and realize the core issues in the near future.
The Stratablend (trademark Newcastle), Energy Transfer, Variable Energy Transfer, and DM2 with Eagle mixer are well known single screw extruder (SSE) mixers. They have been diligently compared by mixing black ABS color concentrate pellets into a bright opaque ABS. This contrast reveals color striations and unmelts. The comparison is readily seen by eye.
This paper compares a Recirculator screw and an Elongator screw using the same technique. Since no striations could be seen by eye, the extrudate was sectioned and examined by microscope at 100 and 200 times magnification showing no striations with the Elongator screw.
The sorption and diffusion properties of two castor oil polyurethanes based on an aromatic and an aliphatic isocyanate has been evaluated in various saline aqueous solutions whose pH varied from 4 to 10. These experiments are based on an immersion weight gain method and were conducted at 25 50 and 70 ?§C.Apparent diffusion coefficients have been calculated using Fickƒ??s equation. The results are discussed in terms of the nature of the isocyanate group and the long chain castor oil polyol structure. The changes in the diffusion and sorption experiments are evaluated using neutron activation analysis a technique that measures the amounts of the saline ions namely Na+ Ca2+ and Cl- into the polymer as a function of diffusion time.
Failures occurred within medical housing assemblies. The cracking was observed in a significant number of parts that had been in service, and was found within the hinge bossesused on the various components of the assembly. The focus of this investigation was a determination of the nature and cause of the failures. The results obtained during the evaluation of the cracked components indicated that the failures occurred through slow crack initiation via fatigue and creep rupture mechanisms. This paper will review the testing performed to characterize the failure mode and identify the cause of the cracking, while demonstrating the analytical procedures used in the investigation.
Hua Yuan, Qiang Liu, Andrew Hrymak, Michael Thompson, Jie Ren, May 2010
The compounding of polymer nanocomposites involves the handling, feeding and cleaning of high volumes of potentially low bulk density powders. The Nanorisk Framework document guides practitioners in how to assess the effectiveness of operations and engineering controls designed to contain nanomaterials and minimize the risk of exposure or environmental release. This paper reviews a new approach for measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of engineering controls and operating procedures when feeding nanofiller powders into a compounding extruder. A method will be described that uses the extruder itself as an effective means to reduce dust generation from the feed system.
Saied H. Kochesfahani, Denis Lejour, Frederic Jouffret, May 2010
Rio Tinto Minerals has been actively studying scratch and mar performance of talc-reinforced polypropylene and TPO products for a number of years. A summary of major findings in these studies are provided and it is concluded that scratch performance of talc-PP and talc-TPO compounds varies with the type of resin or combination of resins used, and that using submicron talc products could improve the scratch performance. It is also shown that moderate improvement in scratch performance of softer TPO and impact copolymer PP compounds is achieved with Luzenac R7, a surface coated talc product that uses a proprietary additive. However, to maximize the scratch performance of these compounds, higher loadings of proper scratch additives are required. The performance of scratch additives is formulation dependent, and some loss of desired mechanical properties, e.g. flexural modulus, or heat distortion temperature (HDT) may be associated with using the additives especially if relatively high loadings are required. Using high performance submicron talc products along with the scratch additives allows the best combination of scratch and mechanical properties.
Michelle M. Mok, Jungki Kim, John M. Torkelson, May 2010
Extrusion foaming using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most economic and environmentally benign process but it is difficult to control the foam density and maintain the thermal insulation performance. In this study, we added water as a co-blowing agent to better control foam density and introduced carbon nanoparticles/activated carbon (AC) to improve the thermal insulation performance of polystyrene (PS) foam. In order to understand this novel extrusion foaming process, the effects of various parameters such as particle style and content, extruder barrel and die temperatures on foam density, morphology and thermal insulation performance are investigated systematically.
Michelle M. Mok , Jungki Kim , John M. Torkelson, May 2010
Gradient copolymers with different incompatibility and gradient steepness were employed to design materials with good damping properties over wide temperature ranges (e.g. 70-100 K). A study was carried out on a styrene/hydroxystyrene system (S/HS) with ?? = 6 and an S/butyl acrylate system (S/BA) with ?? = 0.087.Gradient steepness was controlled by the addition rate of the second monomer during polymerization. The S/HS system showed very broad damping behavior at moderate gradients due to severe incompatibility of its components. Meanwhile the S/BA system demonstrated just slightly broadened damping behavior at moderate gradients but very broad damping was observed at stronger gradients.
W.L. Zhu , E.K. Lee , E. Wan , A. Wong , Q.F. Wu , C.B. Park , H. E. Naguib , N.Q. Zhou, May 2010
The purpose of this research is to improve the understanding of the interesting phenomenon observed with the addition of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to the polypropylene (PP) for improving its foaming behavior [1]. Different types of PP/PE copolymers were selected to batch foam with CO2. The in-situ observation of cell nucleation was conducted by using a high-speed camera and microscope. The cell morphology of foamed samples was characterized by using SEM. It was found that the presence of very fine micrometer sized PDMS phase particles led to a bimodal cell structure where the small cell size distribution was very fine and uniform in the order of a few micrometers.
Audrey Durin, Rudy Valette, Bruno Vergnes, Thierry Coupez, Chantal David, May 2010
Solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP) can lead to in situ mechanochemistry and enhanced dispersion relative to melt-state processes. SSSP of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) results in low levels of branching and enhanced dispersion of heterogeneous nuclei, leading to increased melt viscosity and crystallizability, providing a solution to the problem of recycling PET for high-value applications. (PET undergoes molecular weight reduction during melt processing.) Adding 1 wt% microcrystalline cellulose to poly(lactic acid) (PLA) via SSSP can lead to major enhancements in crystallizability and materials with increased heat distortion temperature relative to neat PLA.
Audrey Durin , Rudy Valette , Bruno Vergnes , Thierry Coupez, May 2010
A full 3D simulation software has been applied for
characterizing the flow conditions in mixing processes
(batch mixers, single and twin screw extruders, cokneaders…).
The approach is based on an immersion
domain approach and uses the Finite Element Method. In
the present work, we studied the flow conditions of a
Carreau-Yasuda fluid in a portion of twin screw extruder,
constituted by different types of conveying elements and
blocks of kneading discs. The influence of geometrical
parameters (staggering angle, number of tips, disc
thickness…) on the flow conditions (pressure and
pressure gradients, flow patterns, mixing efficiency…)
has been characterized and compared to previous studies
from the literature.
Han-Xiong Huang , Jian-Kang Wang , Hong-Fei Xu, May 2010
Experiments of microcellular injection molded polystyrene parts were carried out on equipment newly developed in this lab. Three processing parameters including the nozzle temperature injection speed and shot size were investigated in terms of their effects on the cellular structure and skin layer thickness of microcellular injection molded parts. The results showed that finer and more uniform cell structure is formed at appropriate nozzle temperatures. Cell diameter decreases cell density increases and cellular structure uniformity improves with the increase of injection speed or shot size. Moreover increasing the injection speed leads to the decrease of the skin layer thickness. Shot size does not show significant influence on the skin layer thickness.
Rajkumar Thiruvenkataswamy, Sung-hwan Yoon, Joey L. Mead, Carol M. F. Barry, May 2010
At Antec 2008, a new single screw compounder (SSE) was introduced with newly designed mixers along
the screw. These mixing elements had spiral flutes with
elongational mixing (SFEM). The Elongator [1], hereafter
SFEM, demonstrated simple processing of RPVC powder
with an increased output from the historic limit of 30 rpm
to a faster speed of 180 rpm at only 174 ?øC, vented,
starved or flood fed. There was no need for a vacuum
hopper or crammer feeder with this simple screw design.
At Antec 2009, continuing work was presented with
mixing tests performed with the smaller SSE using a
newly designed SFEM (hereafter SFEM-II). Two tests
were performed with the RPVC powder, one using 0.5%
color concentrate and the other wood flour.
Elongation flow has been shown in single screws to
compound to the 500 nanometer level [2]. This paper
shows the elongational mixing in cross sections of a
mixture of PVC and color on a screw that was stopped
and cooled during operation. The boundaries of the flows
are visible as well as the progression of mixing.
Rajkumar Thiruvenkataswamy , Sung-hwan Yoon , Joey L. Mead , Carol M. F. Barry, May 2010
To evaluate the ability to maintain the dimensions of the microfluidic channels during manufacturing polystyrene polycarbonate and PMMA were molded using electroformed nickel tooling. Melt and mold temperature flow direction (i.e. impingement and parallel flow) backing material for the tooling and vacuum venting were systematically varied to determine their effects on channel depths and widths. Replication of channel depths depended on melt viscosity and was enhanced by mold and melt temperature but replication of channel widths depended on cooling and the ability fill the channels. Impingement flow provided better replication of channels widths. Backing material and vacuum venting had no effect on replication.
Harvey Svetlik , Dale B. Edwards , Ahamed Shabeer, May 2010
Plane strain fracture toughness testing is rarely performed on ductile plastics such as polyethylene due to the inherent toughness of the material. In particular the newer bi-modal polyethylene materials such as PE 4710 are extremely tough and rarely are available in sizes to assure plane strain in the test specimen. In this study very large bars of PE 4710 were fabricated and tested per ASTM D5045 Standard Test. The test results Methods for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness and Strain Energy Release Rate of Plastic Materials demonstrate the superior fracture resistance of the material as well as the difficulty in achieving brittle fractures in materials of this type.
Due to rising environmental concerns, the plastic
industry has been seeking bio-plastics that can replace
current plastics. Efforts are continuously being made to
reduce weight and cost without a major compromise to
required properties. Foaming can offer a plastic with
significant weight reduction. There has been research to
evaluate the effects of chemical blowing agents (CBAs)
on wood-fiber plastic composites (WPC). Although
physical blowing agents (PBAs) have a number of
advantages, their effects on WPC have not been fully
investigated. Therefore, this research utilizes N2 and CO2
to analyze their effects on the foaming and mechanical
properties of injection foam molded WPCs.
Lenka Chvátalová , Jana Výchop ová , Roman Cermák , Martin Obadal, May 2010
The efficiency of -nucleating agent (NU 100) in commercial isotactic polypropylenes (PP) differing in melt flow indexes (MFI) was analyzed. Polymorphic composition of neat PP and PP containing 0.01 and 0.03 wt.% of NU 100 was analyzed using wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry.Morphology was observed by polarized-light microscopy.MFI influenced the -phase formation only with 0.01 wt.% of NU 100: The step change of -phase content between PP with MFI 1 and 12 was observed. A significant effect of final temperature of heating on -phase formation in the samples was detected. PP containing 0.03 wt.% of NU 100 crystallized into -phase.
Françoise Berzin , Ahmed Tara , Bruno Vergnes , Chantal David, May 2010
Starchy products are commonly transformed by twin screw extrusion, either for the manufacturing of food products (extrusion cooking of snacks or breakfast cereals, for example) or for the production of bio-based materials (bioplastics). During the extrusion process, starch is submitted to high shear rates and stresses which lead to a modification of its basic structure. As many properties of the extruded starch are directly connected to the molecular weight and its distribution, it is very important to be able to predict the changes experienced during the extrusion process. In order to model the transformation of starch during twin screw extrusion process, it is thus necessary to take into account the strong coupling between viscosity and thermomechanical treatment. It is the purpose of thepresent work. We have used the software Ludovic was developed ten years ago to calculate the flow of a polymer along a twin screw extruder. We have assumed that the degradation reaction (viscosity decrease) was linked to the specific energy received during the flow. We have compared extrusion cases with and without viscosity/energy coupling and we show that it is important to take it into account in order to correctly predict the parameters of the extrusion process (torque, energy, product temperature') and the starch transformation.??, which
S. Azcarate, A. Herrero, J. Esmoris, R. Oñate, A. Cervera,, May 2010
Screw-freezing experiments in a single-screw
extruder were conducted with screws having different
compression ratios and compression rates for an ABS
resin. Three-dimensional finite element simulations of the
melting process in the compression section of the extruder
were also performed for the compression ratios and
compression rates used in the experiments. Even though
some discrepancies existed between the numerical
predictions and experimental data, the melting profiles
predicted by the finite element simulations were in good
agreement with the corresponding experimental data.
S. Azcarate , A. Herrero , J. Esmoris , R. Oñate , A. Cervera, May 2010
Although plastic dental brackets are available on the market, they are all made out of plastic materials with poor mechanical properties. This project sought to develop plastic dental brackets with better mechanical properties than the metallic ones in order to enlarge the aesthetic treatment market. The project started by selecting the material, PSU from BASF, and then focused on prototype production by direct micro milling in order to check the design and mechanical properties experimentally. Once the design was tuned, rheological simulation took place to be produced by microinjection. A first micro mould was produced to check microinjection feasibility. The remaining micro moulds were produced and the first production series obtained. The product was patented and launched on the market.
Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
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