SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
THE USE OF ANTISTATIC AGENTS IN INTERNAL LAYERS OF MULTILAYER
FILM STRUCTURES
When Entira™ antistatic agents are used in the
internal layer of a multilayer film structure the measured
surface resistivity will be higher than when it is used in a
surface layer. However the static decay times of the film
are unchanged and the film retains its antistatic properties
as evidenced by for example its resistance to dust pick
up. This is an attractive solution in applications which are
hyper-sensitive to risk of contamination since the contact
layer can be a pure polyolefin.
THE USE OF ANTISTATIC AGENTS IN INTERNAL LAYERS OF MULTILAYER FILM STRUCTURES
When Entira antistatic agents are used in the internal layer of a multilayer film structure, the measured surface resistivity will be higher than when it is used in a surface layer. However the static decay times of the film are unchanged, and the film retains its antistatic properties as evidenced by, for example, its resistance to dust pick up. This is an attractive solution in applications which are hyper-sensitive to risk of contamination since the contact layer can be a pure polyolefin.
POLYOXYMETHYLENE (POM) FOR ROTATIONAL MOLDING APPLICATIONS
Polyoxymethylene (POM) commonlyreferred to as acetal or polyacetal wascommercially introduced to the rotationalmolding markets in 2006. This presentation willprovide an introduction to POM that includesfeatures and properties processing guidelines andmarket applications.
MICROFLUIDIC MIXER FOR POLYMER MELTS
We present a novel microfluidic mixer for high
temperature polymer melts based on the platform of the
Multi-sample Micro-slit Rheometer (MMR). The device
is essentially a static mixer with eight consecutive units of
splitting and recombination flow formed by stacking three
stainless steel shims (50 ?m thickness). The mixing
results show both multilayer and domain/matrix
morphologies depending on the channel configuration and
blend pair. This mixer will be particularly useful not only
as a polymer melt mixer but as a multilayer processor
when a limited material quantity (typical sample size ? 20
?L) is available.
MICROFLUIDIC MIXER FOR POLYMER MELTS
We present a novel microfluidic mixer for high temperature polymer melts based on the platform of the Multi-sample Micro-slit Rheometer (MMR). The device is essentially a static mixer with eight consecutive units of splitting and recombination flow formed by stacking three stainless steel shims (50 ?¬m thickness). The mixing results show both multilayer and domain/matrix morphologies depending on the channel configuration and blend pair. This mixer will be particularly useful not only as a polymer melt mixer but as a multilayer processor when a limited material quantity (typical sample size ƒ?? 20 ?¬L) is available.h
THE EFFECTS OF PLGA COMPOSITION ON MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOSCAFFOLDS
In this study bioscaffolds using poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) were studied. The gas foaming/ salt leaching technique in a batch setup was employed. The effects of material composition on the morphology and mechanical properties using this process were investigated. Characterization of scaffolds fabricated with PLGA 85/15 and 50/50 showed that lower relative density was achieved with an increasing poly(DL-lactide) acid content. Furthermore the effect of PLGA composition on modulus of the scaffolds was minor.
A COMPARISON OF BLOWN AND CAST HDPE FILM USING EXPANDABLE
MICROSPHERE TECHNOLOGY
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) blown and
cast films were extruded with 0.5% 0.75% and
1.0% microspheres by weight comparing two
different grades of microspheres using two
different temperature profiles. All films were
analyzed for oxygen and water vapor barrier as
well as tensile properties. The blown film
samples demonstrated significantly lower
oxygen and water vapor permeation rates than
the cast films as well as a higher Young’s
modulus; however the cast films showed a
higher toughness.
A COMPARISON OF BLOWN AND CAST HDPE FILM USING EXPANDABLE MICROSPHERE TECHNOLOGY
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) blown and cast films were extruded with 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% microspheres by weight, comparing two different grades of microspheres using two different temperature profiles. All films were analyzed for oxygen and water vapor barrier, as well as tensile properties. The blown film samples demonstrated significantly lower oxygen and water vapor permeation rates than the cast films, as well as a higher Youngƒ??s modulus; however the cast films showed a higher toughness.
NOVEL SINGLE SCREW ELONGATIONAL COMPOUNDER FOR THERMALLY SENSITVE MATERIALS
At Antec 2007 a new single screw compounder(SSE) was introduced. The mixing elements along thescrew had axial flutes with elongational mixing (AFEM).In some process conditions such a mixer can also haveupstream axial flow with additional elongational anddistributive mixing. The Recirculator [1] hereafterAFEM demonstrated effective compounding ofimmiscible blends to 1 micron and particulate mixing tothe 500 nanometer scale. [2]
ACETAL ALLOYS FOR ROTATIONAL MOLDING APPLICATIONS
In 2007 two new acetal thermoplastic alloyshave been developed for rotational moldingapplications. These alloys provide the molderwith exceptional market opportunities as theyoffer the combined properties of the host andadditive resins. These materials are processorfriendly and moderately priced. This presentationwill provide an introduction to the new alloys processing guidelines and market opportunities.
ACETAL ALLOYS FOR
ROTATIONAL MOLDING APPLICATIONS
In 2007, two new acetal thermoplastic alloys
have been developed for rotational molding
applications. These alloys provide the molder
with exceptional market opportunities as they
offer the combined properties of the host and
additive resins. These materials are processor
friendly and moderately priced. This presentation
will provide an introduction to the new alloys,
processing guidelines, and market opportunities.
BULK RESIN DENSITY AND PLASTICITY FOR PET AND LDPE
The compression of the solid resin feed in the
extrusion process increases its density to form the solid
feed plug. Laboratory measurements were made of the
density of the resin feed as a function of stress for PET and
LDPE resins. Also the densities upon release of the stress
were recorded and they showed that PET resin remains
significantly more compressed than does the LDPE resin.
The LDPE resin is more elastic and this difference is
postulated to be a factor in the mechanics of the solid plug
melting and flow stability. Supportive extruder stability
data are cited shown and analyzed.
Bulk Resin Density And Plasticity For PET And LDPE
The compression of the solid resin feed in the extrusion process increases its density to form the solid feed plug. Laboratory measurements were made of the density of the resin feed as a function of stress for PET and LDPE resins. Also, the densities upon release of the stress were recorded, and they showed that PET resin remains significantly more compressed than does the LDPE resin. The LDPE resin is more elastic, and this difference is postulated to be a factor in the mechanics of the solid plug, melting, and flow stability. Supportive extruder stability data are cited, shown, and analyzed.
DEVELOPMENT OF ION CONDUCTIVE POLYMER GELS WITH ADDITION OF IONIC LIQUID
A new ion gel system consisting ofpolymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate(BMIPF?ÿ6) was developed by in-situ free radical?ÿpolymerization in the presence of crosslinking agent. Iongels were prepared with respect to different weight ratioof MMA to IL. The ion gel films were transparent selfstandingand flexible and exhibit a high ambient ionicconductivity. Thermal analysis and the interactionbetween PMMA matrix and IL were also investigated.
THIN NANOCELLULAR PLASTIC SHEET WITH PATTERNED FOAMING
A thin nanocellular plastic sheet with a designed
foaming pattern which is difficult to prepare using the
supercritical CO2 foaming method has been developed
using a photochemical foaming technology. For this
purpose a new acrylic polymer with t-butyl ester groups
that produce the foaming gas by chemical reaction is
introduced. With this technology foaming of the plastic
can be controlled by ultraviolet irradiation and heating. A
large-format nanocellular sheet can be manufactured in a
continuous process.
THIN NANOCELLULAR PLASTIC SHEET WITH PATTERERNED FOAMING
A thin nanocellular plastic sheet with a designed foaming pattern, which is difficult to prepare using the supercritical CO2 foaming method, has been developed using a photochemical foaming technology. For this purpose, a new acrylic polymer with t-butyl ester groups that produce the foaming gas by chemical reaction is introduced. With this technology, foaming of the plastic can be controlled by ultraviolet irradiation and heating. A large-format nanocellular sheet can be manufactured in a continuous process.
MEASURING DISTINCTNESS OF IMAGE OF HIGH GLOSS SURFACES
Human eye-apparatus notices varying distinctness of
image (DOI) of glossy surfaces very accurately. Therefore
high resolving measuring techniques are required. This
paper aims on presenting the Intensity Profile Analysis
(IPA) a novel methodology for the measurement of
distinctness of surface reflected images. IPA enables
measuring fine detail reproduction of glossy surfaces with
good correlation to standard DOI measurements while
featuring considerably enhanced preciseness. IPA is a
non-contact technique and therefore applicable for
uncured or hot surfaces.
AN ASSESSMENT ON OPTICAL QUALITY OF MOLDED BACKLITE COMPARED
TO THERMOFORMED BACKLITE
Injection molding and thermoforming are common
processes in both plastics and automotive industry. A
preliminary study was made comparing the quality of
large complex transparent and optical rear window parts
(automotive backlite prototypes) produced from an
injection-compression molding process and a vacuuming
thermoforming process. Optical quality on the parts was
evaluated in terms of optical clarity (only the haze is
discussed in this paper) optical distortion birefringence
and stress shape and dimension. It was demonstrated that
overall the molded backlites had much better optical
quality than the vacuum thermoformed backlites based on
the same shape and dimensions. Process recommendation
quality control and improvement for large complex optical
application of plastic products such as automotive
polycarbonate (PC) glazing are given during the
discussion.
AN ASSESSMENT ON OPTICAL QUALITY OF MOLDED BACKLITE COMPARED
Injection molding and thermoforming are commonprocesses in both plastics and automotive industry. Apreliminary study was made comparing the quality oflarge, complex, transparent, and optical rear window parts(automotive backlite prototypes) produced from aninjection-compression molding process and a vacuumingthermoforming process. Optical quality on the parts wasevaluated in terms of optical clarity (only the haze isdiscussed in this paper), optical distortion, birefringenceand stress, shape and dimension. It was demonstrated thatoverall the molded backlites had much better opticalquality than the vacuum thermoformed backlites based onthe same shape and dimensions. Process recommendation,quality control and improvement for large complex opticalapplication of plastic products, such as automotivepolycarbonate (PC) glazing, are given during thediscussion.
MELT FRACTURE OF LINEAR POLYETHYLENES: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
AND DIE GEOMETRY EFFECTS
The melt fracture polymer extrusion instabilities are
studied primarily as functions of the geometrical details
of die (cylindrical slit and annular) and molecular
structure of polymers. Experimental observations
concerning the flow curves the critical wall
shear/extensional stresses for the onset of the instabilities
and the effects of geometry and operating conditions are
presented for two linear polyethylenes mainly highdensity
polyethylenes (HDPEs). It is found that
sharkskin and other melt fracture phenomena are
sensitive to details of the molecular weight distribution
(MWD). It is also found that critical conditions for the
onset of various melt fracture phenomena depend
significantly on the type of die used for their study. For
example sharkskin melt fracture in slit and capillary
extrusion was obtained at much smaller critical shear
stress values compared to those found in annular
extrusion. Such observations explain the lack of
correlation between experimental results from the
laboratory and the full scale process.
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