SPE-Inspiring Plastics Professionals

SPE Library


SPE Library

The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

The SPE Library is just one of the great benefits of being an SPE member! Are you taking advantage of all of your SPE Benefits?

Not an SPE member? Join today!
Conference Proceedings
Magazine and Collected Articles
Newsletters (SPE Chapters)
Recycling
Rheology
Podcasts
Technical Article Briefs
Webinars
Plastic Surveys
Diversity. Equity and Inclusion
SPE News
SPE YouTube Channel
Event Recordings

Use % to separate multiple keywords. 


Search SPE Library
    
    



Sort By:  Date Added   Publication Date   Title   Author

Conference Proceedings

CREATING POLYMER-CARBON NANOTUBES NANOCOMPOSITES BY CRYOMILLING
G. Terife , K. A. Narh, May 2010

The efficiency of using a cryogenic milling device for mixing a polymer with highly agglomerated multi-walled carbon nanotubes, to create polymer nanotubes nanocomposite, was evaluated. PEO/CNT and PE/CNT nanocomposites studied contained 1% and 2% of MWCNTs, and were blended in a cryogenic milling apparatus using two sizes of milling balls, and different milling times. The nanocomposites were characterized using SEM and DSC. Intimate contact between polymeric matrices and the CNTs was observed through SEM analysis. The thermal analysis results showed small variations in the transition temperatures of the nanocomposite when compared with the unfilled polymers.

EFFECT OF HEAT SEALING PRESSURE ON PROPERTIES OF HEAT-SEALED ORIENTED POLYPROPYLENE/CAST POLYPROPYLENE (OPP/CPP) FILM
Yumi Hashimoto , Yasuo Hashimoto , Tetsuya Tsujii , Yew Wei Leong , Kazushi Yamada , Hiroyuki Hamada Yew Wei LEONG3 Kazushi YAMADA3 Hiroyuki HAMADA3 Yew Wei Leong , Kazushi Yamada , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Oriented Polypropylene/Cast Polypropylene (OPP/CPP) film is made by laminating OPP and CPP which is widely used as general packaging material. OPP functions as a moisture resistant layer while CPP provides better heatsealability. In earlier investigations effects of heat-sealing temperature on properties of heat-sealed OPP/CPP film were investigated. The optimum heat-sealing temperature was found to be 140°C. In this study different seal pressures were used at 140°C. It was revealed that the peel strength is dependant on the seal pressure whereby the maximum peel strength was achieved at 0.03 MPa. The mechanical properties on the heat sealed part were examined by means of tensile test with circular notch peel test and scanning electron microscopy.

EFFECT OF HEAT SEALING PRESSURE ON PROPERTIES OF HEAT-SEALED ORIENTED POLYPROPYLENE/CAST POLYPROPYLENE (OPP/CPP) FILM
Yumi HASHIMOTO , Yasuo HASHIMOTO , Tetsuya TSUJII , Yew Wei LEONG , Kazushi YAMADA , Hiroyuki HAMADA, May 2010

Oriented Polypropylene/Cast Polypropylene (OPP/CPP) film is made by laminating OPP and CPP, which is widely used as general packaging material. OPP functions as a moisture resistant layer while CPP provides better heatsealability.In earlier investigations, effects of heat-sealing temperature on properties of heat-sealed OPP/CPP film were investigated. The optimum heat-sealing temperature was found to be 140?øC. In this study, different seal pressures were used at 140?øC. It was revealed that the peel strength is dependant on the seal pressure, whereby the maximum peel strength was achieved at 0.03 MPa. The mechanical properties on the heat sealed part were examined by means of tensile test with circular notch, peel test and scanning electron microscopy.

RHEOLOGY PROCESSING AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBE/POLY(ETHER ETHER KETONE) NANOCOMPOSITES
D.S. Bangarusampath , Holger Ruckdäschel , Volker Altstädt , Jan K.W. Sandler , Milo S.P. Shaffer, May 2010

The inhomogeneous dispersion of carbonnanotubes (CNTs) acts as the main hindrance forexploiting the exceptional properties associated with CNTin polymer/CNT composites. However only fewsystematic studies clearly relate the structural featureswith the property profile of nanocomposites based ondifferent nanotube grades. The aim of this study thereforewas to process nanotube-based polymeric composites andto correlate their degree of dispersion with the resultingrheological (both shear and elongation) as well aselectrical behavior. A range of multi-wall carbonnanotubes (MWNT) and single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWNT) reinforced high temperature semi-crystallinepoly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) were prepared by meltcompounding process. The composites with high degreeof nanotube dispersion shows nearly five orders ofmagnitude increase in storage modulus and an abruptincrease of ten orders magnitude in electrical conductivityby adding only 2 wt% of nanotubes. Additionally boththe melt strength and the elongational viscosity cansignificantly increase by incorporating nanotubes.However this increment effect strongly depends on thedegree of dispersion of nanotubes in the polymer matrix.As highlighted by the experimental results both thedispersion and interfacial interaction between the matrixand nanotubes are the key factors for improving theproperties of such nanocomposites.

PROCESS ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVED PROCESS UNDERSTANDING AND CONTROL OF A HOT MELT EXTRUSION PROCESS
Siti Fatimah Aminuddin, Leong Yew Wei, Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

The development and application of an in-line near infrared spectroscopic measurement system is discussed. Key results included a rapid, in-line method to measure the composition of a multi-component process stream at the exit of the extruder, and identification of a process model that is used to understand the disturbance rejection capabilities of the process. The composition monitoring yielded further process understanding; specifically system residence time distribution mapping and process disturbance identification. Lastly, the potential for prediction of process disturbance rejection capabilities is discussed.

EFFECT OF HYGROTHERMAL TREATMENT ON RHEOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)/ RECYCLED POLYPROPYLENE BLENDS
Siti Fatimah Aminuddin , Leong Yew Wei , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most important fibers for industrial production due to its high performance low cost and recyclability. The amount of waste that arise from post-consumer PET especially in the beverage industry have made recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) a beneficial effort in reducing environmental pollution. Studies of blends and composites using recycled PET have been carried out with several polymeric materials like polyethylene and polystyrene. In this work recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/ recycled polypropylene (RPET/RPP) blends was subjected to injection molding and then subjected to hydrothermal treatment in water bath at below transition glass temperature to determine the amount of moisture absorption. As polypropylene tends to degrade at a faster rate than poly(ethylene terephthalate) the results show that defect of polypropylene effect the tensile strength and modulus of the RPET/RPP blends.

EFFECT OF HYGROTHERMAL TREATMENT ON RHEOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)/ RECYCLED POLYPROPYLENE BLENDS
Siti Fatimah Aminuddin , Leong Yew Wei , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most important fibers for industrial production due to its high performance,low cost, and recyclability. The amount of waste that arise from post-consumer PET especially in the beverage industry have made recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) a beneficial effort in reducing environmental pollution. Studies of blends and composites using recycled PET have been carried out with several polymeric materials, like polyethylene and polystyrene. In this work, recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/ recycled polypropylene (RPET/RPP) blends was subjected to injection molding and then subjected to hydrothermal treatment in water bath at below transition glass temperature to determine the amount of moisture absorption. As polypropylene tends to degrade at a faster rate than poly(ethylene terephthalate), the results show that defect of polypropylene effect the tensile strength and modulus of the RPET/RPP blends.

PROPERTY VERIFICATION OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER BOTTLES PRODUCED FROM CUSTOM DESIGNED EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING MOLDS
Daniel P. Dempsey , Millington Adkins IV, May 2010

Santoprene grade 201-87 is a commonthermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) used in blow moldingbecause of its excellent melt strength which lends to lesssag in the parison and ultimately lower wall thicknessvariations and a higher achievable maximum blow up ratio(BUR). However 201-87 (TPV 1) also has a particularlyhigh durometer which becomes a disadvantage in dextralapplications.Santoprene grade 201-55 (TPV 2) is another TPVwith mechanical characteristics comparable to that of theTPV 1 but with a much lower durometer and maximumachievable blow up ratio. The objective of this study is theretention of mechanical characteristics of the two TPVgrades being subjected to increased additive amounts of apolymer modifier Vistamaxx 6102 (Additive 1).

A BIREFRINGENCE-FREE COMPRESSION MOLDING PROCESS FOR OPTICAL PLASTICS LENSES
Chao-Chang A. Chen, Feng-Chi Lee, May 2010

This paper investigates the process of precision compression-molding of plastics lenses with near-zero residual birefringence in the molded lenses. First, plastics preforms are injection molded by a conventional injection molding machine by net-shape molding technology. The preforms are then re-heated by infrared heaters and compressed under hydrostatic pressure conditions for form-finishing and stress-relieving. Once the preforms are heated above glass transition temperature, the moldings would release the frozen-in residual-stresses and retain the form accuracy via low compression pressure employed for shrinkage compensation. The compression molding process exhibits advantages of low process costs, high production efficiency, and good dimensional accuracy with zero-birefringence. First, experiments incorporated with Taguchi method are conducted for parameter optimization in residual stresses and form accuracy. The preliminary results show that plastic lenses optimized for form accuracy could have p-v values smaller than 0.35 micron plus RMS surface roughness less than 60 nm. More importantly, the plastic lenses are molded with little birefringence throughout the process.

FLOW FRONT ANALYSIS OF TIR LENS OF LEDS WITH INJECTION MOLDING
Chao-Chang A. Chen , Feng-Chi Lee, May 2010

This research is to investigate the TIR (Total Internal Reflection) lens as secondary optical element mounted on a LED for landscape and indoor illumination. The TIR lens is like a cone bell with the ratio of gate thickness to cavity thickness is about 1: 10. The simulation software Moldex 3D is used to simulate the melt front behavior for 3D filling. Experimental results show that injection speed mold temperature and melt temperature significantly affect the final quality of TIR lens. Molding parameters are obtained in this research to improve the optical performance and that can be applied on LED market in the future.

FLOW FRONT ANALYSIS OF TIR LENS OF LEDS WITH INJECTION MOLDING
Chao-Chang A. Chen , Feng-Chi Lee, May 2010

This research is to investigate the TIR (Total Internal Reflection) lens as secondary optical element mounted on a LED for landscape and indoor illumination. The TIR lens is like a cone bell with the ratio of gate thickness to cavity thickness is about 1: 10. The simulation software, Moldex 3D is used to simulate the melt front behavior for 3D filling. Experimental results show that injection speed, mold temperature and melt temperature significantly affect the final quality of TIR lens.Molding parameters are obtained in this research to improve the optical performance and that can be applied on LED market in the future.

PREPARATION OF HIGH MELT STRENGTH POLYPROPYLENE BY THE REACTIVE EXTRUSION PROCESS AND ITS FOAMING APPLICATION
Renato Bonadiman, Ocileide Custódio da Silva, Marco Elísio Marques, Tommi Reinikainen, May 2010

The reactive extrusion of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) with ethylenediamine (EDA) as coupling agent was carried out in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder to produce long chain branched polypropylene (LCBPP). Part of PP-g-MAH was replaced by maleic anhydride grafted high-density polyethylene (HDPE-g-MAH) or linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE-g-MAH) to obtain hybrid long chain branched (LCB) polymers. Compared with the linear PP, PE and their blends, the LCB polyolefins exhibit excellent dynamic shear and transient extensional rheological characteristics such as increased dynamic modulus, higher low-frequency complex viscosity, significantly enhanced melt strength and strain-hardening behaviors. LCB polymers also have higher tensile strength, tensile modulus, impact strength and lower elongation at break than linear polymer and their blends. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was introduced in the reactive extrusion process. With the presence of scCO2, the motor current of twin extruder was decreased and LCB polyolefins with lower MFR, higher complex viscosity and increased tensile strength and modulus were obtained. This indicates that the application of scCO2 can reduce the viscosity of melt in extruder, enhance the diffusion of reactive species, facilitate the reaction between functional groups, and increase the LCB density. The foaming behavior of both linear and LCB polyolefins were studied. The results show that cellular materials produced from the LCB polyolefins have higher weight reduction, smaller cell size and better mechanical properties than those produced from the linear polymers.

INFLUENCE OF SURFACE TREATMENT ON RESOLUTION OF PRINTED SILVER TRACES
Renato Bonadiman , Ocileide Custódio da Silva , Marco Elísio Marques , Tommi Reinikainen, May 2010

Printed electronics is a promising technology to obtain electronic devices with low cost. Printing techniques using nano-size material particles at low temperatures can revolutionize the electronics industry in coming years. Therefore the challenge is to provide sufficient quality of interconnecting traces by the selection of appropriate materials and printing conditions more precise material deposition process and sintering. Adequate process control would lead to suitable electrical conductivity of printed interconnections. In this work the influence of surface treatment on polyimide polyester and polysulphone (PSU) and its effect on the resolution of printed silver traces was evaluated. It was possible to observe a high dependence between traces resolution and surface treatments.

INFLUENCE OF SURFACE TREATMENT ON RESOLUTION OF PRINTED SILVER TRACES
Renato Bonadiman , Ocileide Custódio da Silva , Marco Elísio Marques , Tommi Reinikainen, May 2010

Printed electronics is a promising technology to obtain electronic devices with low cost. Printing techniques using nano-size material particles at low temperatures can revolutionize the electronics industry in coming years. Therefore, the challenge is to provide sufficient quality of interconnecting traces by the selection of appropriate materials and printing conditions, more precise material deposition process and sintering.Adequate process control would lead to suitable electrical conductivity of printed interconnections. In this work, the influence of surface treatment on polyimide, polyester and polysulphone (PSU), and its effect on the resolution of printed silver traces was evaluated. It was possible to observe a high dependence between traces resolution and surface treatments.

FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF JUTE/PP JUTE/GLASS FIBER/PP INJECTION MOLDINGS Jute/Glass Fiber/PP Injection Moldings
Tomoko Ohta , Tohru Morii , Yew Wei Leong , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

This study deals with the fracture behavior and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composite. In general the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced composites are not so high and it is demanded to enhance them for actual application. Therefore jute and glass fibers hybrid PP ([GF/JF]/PP) composites were developed and the effect of fiber content on the tensile properties and fracture behavior was discussed through the AE characteristics. In [GF/JF]/PP composites the optimum fiber content for the improvement of tensile strength was determined and the tensile strength depended on the initiation of fracture detected by AE.

FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF JUTE/PP, JUTE/GLASS FIBER/PP INJECTION MOLDINGS
Tomoko Ohta , Tohru Morii , Yew Wei Leong , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

This study deals with the fracture behavior and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composite. In general, the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced composites are not so high, and it is demanded to enhance them for actual application. Therefore, jute and glass fibers hybrid PP ([GF/JF]/PP) composites were developed and the effect of fiber content on the tensile properties and fracture behavior was discussed through the AE characteristics. In [GF/JF]/PP composites the optimum fiber content for the improvement of tensile strength was determined, and the tensile strength depended on the initiation of fracture detected by AE.

SANDWICH STRUCTURE OF REINFORCED MATERIAL PREPARED BY INJECTION-PRESS MOLDING
Osamu Segawa , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Conventional sandwich molding process with a core layer of a plate type reinforced material is utilized with a special type mold attached slide cores. We studied a low cost process to mold a sandwich structure by performing an injection-press molding process that was one process of an injection compression molding process. This sandwich molding process was constructed with assembled a standard injection molding process and an injection-press molding process and was controlled a position of a core layer of a plate type reinforced material. As a result it was confirmed that this sandwich molding process was effective for controlling a position of a core layer of a plate type reinforced material and for improving strength of a sandwich structure. In addition this sandwich molding process was effective for reducing thickness of a sandwich structure and was contributed to lighten weight of a sandwich structure.

SANDWICH STRUCTURE OF REINFORCED MATERIAL PREPARED BY INJECTION-PRESS MOLDING
Osamu Segawa , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

Conventional sandwich molding process with a corelayer of a plate type reinforced material is utilized with aspecial type mold attached slide cores. We studied a lowcost process to mold a sandwich structure by performingan injection-press molding process that was one process ofan injection compression molding process. This sandwichmolding process was constructed with assembled astandard injection molding process and an injection-pressmolding process, and was controlled a position of a corelayer of a plate type reinforced material. As a result, it wasconfirmed that this sandwich molding process waseffective for controlling a position of a core layer of aplate type reinforced material and for improving strengthof a sandwich structure. In addition, this sandwichmolding process was effective for reducing thickness of asandwich structure and was contributed to lighten weightof a sandwich structure.

SIMULATION DRIVEN MEDICAL PACKAGE DEVELOPMENT
Hossam M. Metwally, May 2010

The objective of this work is to demonstrate the concept of 'simulation driven package development'. The concept involves not only simulating the structural behavior of the medical package (e.g. under top loading), but also predicting the package material distribution due to the manufacturing process conditions and tying that to the structural analysis. The structural analysis will thus take the more physical, and usually non-uniform, part material thickness distribution into consideration. The concept is highlighted through a case study.In this study, numerical simulation is used to model the thermoforming process of a medical tray. Two different thermoforming processes are examined. The first is a simple drape forming technique where the sheet is formed over a male mold through vacuum. In the second, aiming at obtaining a more uniform material distribution, prestretching of the sheet is applied prior to the vacuum forming. The resulting material distribution is compared with that of the simple drape forming. The resulting degree of warpage at the end of the cooling step for the two cases is compared. Also, the effect of the different forming processes on the top loading behavior of the tray is studied.The resulting material distribution from each forming process is taken into account when performing the virtual structural test. Thus the concept of 'simulation driven package development' is highlighted.

FIBER LASER WELDING OF PLASTICS USING A SOLID HEAT SINK TRANSPARENT TO THE LASER BEAM TO PREVENT THERMAL DAMAGE
Satoshi Nagai, Akira Okamura, Wongsriraksa Patcharat, Kazushi Yamada, Yew Wei Leong, Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

This paper deals with the fiber laser welding of overlapped engineering plastic sheets, using a solid heat sink transparent to the laser beam to prevent thermal damage. A fiber laser whose wavelength is 1.9 ?¬m is used for the welding. It is hard to join transparent engineering plastics not using any laser-absorbing pigments with ordinary laser welding. So this novel laser welding procedure, which prevents thermal damage to the surface of the plastic, was proposed. A solid heat sink is placed in contact with the irradiated polymer sheet, helping to prevent thermal damage of the film surface. Thus, the proposed fiber laser welding system is successful in welding plastic sheets which are difficult to weld with CO2 laser.







spe2018logov4.png
Welcome Guest!   Login

How to reference articles from the SPE Library:

Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:

Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers, ISBN: 123-0-1234567-8-9, pp. 000-000.
Available: www.4spe.org.

Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.

If you need help with citations, visit www.citationmachine.net