The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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The impact of low-energy electron beam irradiation on mechanical properties of Low Density Polyethylene was investigated. The electron energy was 150keV with dose ranging from 5 to 1000 kGy. The properties were evaluated through tensile, drop dart impact, and solvent resistance testing. The correlation between mechanical properties and morphological changes was also studied using melt flow index measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. Impact resistance was found to drastically improve and the elongation at break decreased with increasing dose. This indicates that cross-linking occurred upon electron irradiation and was confirmed by the results of crystallization and melt flow index measurements.
Due to their high strength excellent high temperature
properties and good adhesion to many surfaces epoxies
are extremely valuable engineering materials in
composite adhesive coating and electronic applications.
Epoxies however suffer from a very low toughness.
Arkema’s controlled radical and anionic polymerization
technology has been used to synthesize block copolymers
additives which provide excellent toughening to epoxies
without sacrificing modulus or glass transition
temperature. By incorporating functionality into the epoxy
miscible block of the polymer nanostructuration of these
polymer additives are achieved in a wide range of epoxy
systems resulting in excellent thermal and mechanical
properties.
Due to their high strength, excellent high temperature properties and good adhesion to many surfaces, epoxies are extremely valuable engineering materials in composite, adhesive, coating, and electronic applications. Epoxies, however, suffer from a very low toughness. Arkema's controlled radical and anionic polymerization technology has been used to synthesize block copolymers additives, which provide excellent toughening to epoxies without sacrificing modulus or glass transition temperature. By incorporating functionality into the epoxy miscible block of the polymer, nanostructuration of these polymer additives are achieved in a wide range of epoxy systems, resulting in excellent thermal and mechanical properties.
Johannes Loebel , Sami Schehata , Steven Goldstein, May 2010
Organic and inorganic NIR active materials play an
important role in a number of fast growing modern
plastics applications ranging from laser weldable resp.
markable compositions to efficient heat management
systems.
In recent years we introduced a number of new materials
applicable in both transparent and opaque solar energy
management [SEM] applications. In this paper we want to
present concepts on how to use different combinations of
those components in order to create intelligent solutions
for integrated SEM systems for both the construction and
automotive industries.
Johannes Loebel , Sami Schehata , Steven Goldstein, May 2010
Organic and inorganic NIR active materials play an important role in a number of fast growing modern plastics applications, ranging from laser weldable resp.markable compositions to efficient heat management systems.In recent years we introduced a number of new materials applicable in both transparent and opaque solar energy management [SEM] applications. In this paper we want to present concepts on how to use different combinations of those components in order to create intelligent solutions for integrated SEM systems for both the construction and automotive industries.
Yushan Hu, Debbie Chiu, Jose M. Rego, Hongyu Chen, Benjamin Poon, May 2010
Environmentally responsive self-regulated gas transmission is achieved by smart vapor barrier (SVB) ionomers. Their moisture transmission changes reversibly from barrier to transmitter as the environmental relative humidity changes. This provides a means to regulate the moisture content within enclosed structures, such as buildings, and enables effective dissipation of moisture to mitigate problems from moisture condensation. It also provides an effective draft barrier to minimize heat transfer for energy conservation. WUFI (W??rme Und Feuchte Instation??r) modeling, methodology pioneered by the Frauhofer Institute, can be used to calculate the coupled heat and moisture transfer in building components containing smart vapor barrier membrane.
Yushan Hu , Debbie Chiu , Jose M. Rego , Hongyu Chen , Benjamin Poon, May 2010
The DOW XLA™1 fiber is a unique elastic fiber
that is olefin-based and designed for durable comfortable
stretch performance with excellent heat and chemical
resistance. The elastomeric properties of DOW XLA™
elastic fiber result from superimposed molecular networks
of flexible polymer chains with three types of molecular
junctions: entanglements crystallites and covalent crosslinks.
DOW XLA™ elastic fibers are made by meltspinning.
This paper discusses how polyolefin elastomer
properties fiber spinning conditions and fiber crosslinking
enable the design of polyolefin elastomer fibers with
properties useful in elastic apparel manufacture.
Yushan Hu , Debbie Chiu , Jose M. Rego , Hongyu Chen , Benjamin Poon, May 2010
The DOW XLAƒ?›1 fiber is a unique elastic fiber that is olefin-based and designed for durable, comfortable stretch performance with excellent heat and chemical resistance. The elastomeric properties of DOW XLAƒ?› elastic fiber result from superimposed molecular networks of flexible polymer chains with three types of molecular junctions: entanglements, crystallites and covalent crosslinks. DOW XLAƒ?› elastic fibers are made by meltspinning. This paper discusses how polyolefin elastomer properties, fiber spinning conditions and fiber crosslinking enable the design of polyolefin elastomer fibers with properties useful in elastic apparel manufacture.
High density polyethylene (HDPE) is widely used to
fabricate blow molded articles for rigid packaging as well
as for other market segments such as industrial and
chemical containers automotive home and recreation.
The drive to reduce packaging cost as well as minimize
impact on the environment has increased the emphasis on
light weight packaging. A next generation (NG) of HDPE
resins was developed through selective molecular
architecture modification to offer a unique combination
of easy resin processing on existing extrusion blow
molding equipment and a superior balance of physical
properties which allow blow molded articles to be light
weighted. A higher percentage of post consumer recycle
can also be incorporated while meeting the blow molded
article performance requirements.
Minoru Ogasahara, Manabu Shidou, Shigeru Nagata, Hiroyuki Hamada, Leong Yew Wei, May 2010
Simulation of single-screw extruder screws using the standard pseudo-Newtonian method is known to deviate from measured performance. Part of this deviation is caused by the calculation of the drag flow rate. Previous research has shown that the calculation of the drag flow rate using this method is higher than that in the actual channel, causing the pressure gradient to be incorrectly adjusted to compensate for the error in the drag flow term. The research provided here provides the correction factors for rotational flow (historically known as drag flow) such that axial pressure gradients can be quickly and accurately calculated.
Minoru Ogasahara , Manabu Shidou , Shigeru Nagata , Hiroyuki Hamada , Leong Yew Wei, May 2010
The improvement of Intrinsic Viscosity of recycled
poly(ethylene terephthalate)(R-PET) pellets by an
industrial radio frequency(RF) heating is described. RPET
pellets are made from post-consumer PET bottles
degraded by hydrolysis during distribution process.
Hence intrinsic viscosity(IV) or molecular weight of RPET
exhibits significant lower compared to virgin PET
caused from cleavages of chains. This study evaluates the
feasibility of RF Heat Treatment to improve the intrinsic
viscosity of the material.
S. Vázquez-Rodríguez , V. A. González-González , R. Benavides-Cantú , E. M. Arias-Marin , I. Moggio, May 2010
New conjugated oligomers have been
synthesized through aldol condensation from chemical
reaction between different kinds of ketone and aromatic
dialdehydes. These novel compounds showed absorption
in UV-vis spectrum from 275 to 525 nm. In this work we
reported the synthesis of an organic compound prepared
by reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and
terephthalaldehyde (TPA) following a typical aldol
condensation route. The luminescent adduct was mixed
with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in solution (in THF). Films
of PVC-adduct were evaluated in a degradation chamber
and changes in chemical structure were evaluated by
FTIR in where an increase of carbonyl band was larger
than control sample. This new compound can be used to
promote degradation of PVC under UV radiation.
S. Vázquez-Rodríguez , V. A. González-González , R. Benavides-Cantú , E. M. Arias-Marin , I. Moggio, May 2010
New conjugated oligomers have been synthesized through aldol condensation from chemical reaction between different kinds of ketone and aromatic dialdehydes. These novel compounds showed absorption in UV-vis spectrum from 275 to 525 nm. In this work, we reported the synthesis of an organic compound prepared by reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and terephthalaldehyde (TPA), following a typical aldol condensation route. The luminescent adduct was mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in solution (in THF). Films of PVC-adduct were evaluated in a degradation chamber and changes in chemical structure were evaluated by FTIR, in where an increase of carbonyl band was larger than control sample. This new compound can be used to promote degradation of PVC under UV radiation
Melt blowing is an extrusion process that produces nonwovens with fine fibers in the 1 to 10 micron diameter range, and finds applications in filtration, sound and liquid absorbency and thermal insulation. Co-extrusion is a process where two polymer resins in the molten state are arranged via feed blocks or layer multipliers to give alternating layers. We have made microfibers that have multiple layers within each fiber and using temperature and pressure have demonstrated that the multi layer microfiber webs can be converted to materials that appear as films but have the internal structure of fibers, which we refer to as filbers. The structure and properties of different type of filber materials have been studied and will be presented.
Simulation of single-screw extruder screws using the standard pseudo-Newtonian method is known to deviate from measured performance. Part of this deviation is caused by the calculation of the drag flow rate. Previous research has shown that the calculation of the drag flow rate using this method is higher than that in the actual channel, causing the pressure gradient to be incorrectly adjusted to compensate for the error in the drag flow term. The research provided here provides the correction factors for rotational flow (historically known as drag flow) such that axial pressure gradients can be quickly and accurately calculated.
A key element in successfully molding high
quality PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) preforms is the
delivery of molten plastic to each cavity in a rheologically
similar manner. This has been a significant challenge in
light of the shear/viscosity and crystalline behavior of
bottle grade PET in its molten state.
This paper will review the economics of molding
PET preforms the impact of improved performance on
profitability design philosophies for molding PET
preforms and hot runner technologies that are now
available to confront historical issues in the PET preform
molding process. These new technologies applied to
molding PET preforms will help converters improve their
bottom lines.
A key element in successfully molding high quality PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) preforms is the delivery of molten plastic to each cavity in a rheologically similar manner. This has been a significant challenge in light of the shear/viscosity and crystalline behavior of bottle grade PET in its molten state. This paper will review the economics of molding PET preforms, the impact of improved performance on profitability, design philosophies for molding PET preforms and hot runner technologies that are now available to confront historical issues in the PET preform molding process. These new technologies, applied to molding PET preforms, will help converters improve their bottom lines.
Agricultural mulch films that are used to cover soil of crop rows contribute to earlier maturation of crops and higher yield. Incineration and landfill disposals are the most common means of disposal of the incumbent polyethylene mulch films; these are not environmentally friendly options. Biodegradable mulch films that can be rototilled into the soil after crop harvest are a promising alternative to offset problems such as landfill disposal, and film retrieval and disposal costs. In this study, an in-house laboratory scale test method has been developed in which the rate of disintegration, as a result of biodegradation, of films based on polyhydroxybutanoic acid (PHB) copolymers were investigated in a soil environment using residual weight loss method. The influence of soil composition, moisture levels in the soil and industry-standard anti-microbial additive in the film composition on the rate of disintegration of PHB copolymer films will be discussed.
Dielectrostriction is a rheodielectric phenomenon that relates the variation of dielectric properties of a material with deformation. For an initially isotropic material, two independent material coefficients, ?ñ1 and ?ñ2, are required to describe dielectrostriction in terms of strain. Deformation affects a materialƒ??s dielectric properties in two ways: (a) by introducing anisotropy in the material, which is characterized by ?ñ1; and (b) by changing the volume density of the polarizable species, which is associated with 1ƒ???3?ñ1 + ?ñ2. Purely viscous fluids will remain isotropic during any flow-induced deformation and therefore the coefficient, ?ñ1, is always zero. In this paper, the dielectrostriction effect is studied on viscoelastic materials with varying elasticity. The coefficient, ?ñ1, is measured by a planar capacitance sensor rosette. Also, the relationship between the coefficient, ?ñ1, and the material elasticity is discussed.
Potentially toxic chemicals such as heavy metals
phthalates and halogenated organic compounds are
currently found in many consumer products and are cause
of great concern. The authors employed XRF
methodology in extensive testing for hazardous chemicals
contained in plastic components of over 450 domestic and
imported 2006-2009 model year cars in 130 children’s
car seats and 3 700 (2007-2008) children’s products
including toys. Over 13 000 individual samples are
included in the database. Handheld and non-destructive
X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) yields data of
most elements at ppm and higher levels with good
correlation to time consuming and destructive traditional
analytical techniques. The presentation of data includes
analysis of trends in the use of brominated flame
retardants (BFRs) PVC lead and heavy metals in plastics
with emphasis on relevance to public health.
Methodologies to translate the test data into a relative
product rating system have been developed and published
for consumer use (see healthytoys.org and
healthycars.org).
Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
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