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SPE Library

The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Conference Proceedings

FILM INSERT MOLDING BASED ON POLYOXYMETHYLENE AND POLY(LACTIC ACID): MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND INTERFACIAL ADHESION PROPERTIES
Satoshi Nagai , Akira Okamura, May 2010

The combination of polyoxymethylene (POM) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is possible due to their compatibility. Film insert moldings were fabricated by using PLA as the film while neat POM PLA and POM/PLA blends were as the substrate resin. The interfacial adhesion properties between the film and substrate were determined by means of micro-cutting analyses. Molding conditions were varied in order to determine the effects of substrate crystallinity and various morphological structures on the interfacial adhesion characteristics. The regions adjacent to the film-substrate interface were observed through ATR infrared spectroscopy and a correlation between structure and interfacial compatibility was attempted. Both POM and PLA traces could be found at the interfacial region which enabled the determination of the width of the interface. It was found that specimens with thick interfacial regions exhibit high interfacial strength.

FILM INSERT MOLDING BASED ON POLYOXYMETHYLENE AND POLY(LACTIC ACID): MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND INTERFACIAL ADHESION PROPERTIES
Satoshi Nagai , Akira Okamura , Wongsriraksa Patcharat , Kazushi Yamada , Yew Wei Leong , Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2010

The combination of polyoxymethylene (POM) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is possible due to their compatibility. Film insert moldings were fabricated by using PLA as the film while neat POM, PLA and POM/PLA blends were as the substrate resin. The interfacial adhesion properties between the film and substrate were determined by means of micro-cutting analyses. Molding conditions were varied in order to determine the effects of substrate crystallinity and various morphological structures on the interfacial adhesion characteristics. The regions adjacent to the film-substrate interface were observed through ATR infrared spectroscopy and a correlation between structure and interfacial compatibility was attempted. Both POM and PLA traces could be found at the interfacial region, which enabled the determination of the width of the interface. It was found that specimens with thick interfacial regions exhibit high interfacial strength.

SHARKSKIN MELT FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF POLY (HYDROXY BUTANOIC ACID) COPOLYMERS
I. Nishi, S. Matsubara, Y. W. Leong, H. Hamada, A. Goto, May 2010

Recent advances have rendered bio-based and biodegradable PHB (poly hydroxybutanoic acid) copolymers suitable for many extrusion applications. The high molecular weight and narrow distribution of melt relaxation times of these polymers can sometimes cause sharkskin melt fracture to occur during extrusion. This may be a limiting factor for their wide-spread applicability. This presentation will discuss the characterization of sharkskin melt fracture of these polymers using capillary rheometry including the identification, for the first time, a critical criterion for their occurrence.

MELT MIXED NANOCOMPOSITES OF PA12 WITH CNT: INFLUENCE OF MATRIX PROPERTIES AND THE USE OF HYBRID FILLER SYSTEMS CONTAINING CB
Jared Spaniol, Andrew Koleck, Brian Young, May 2010

Polyamide 12 (PA12) composites with different Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and Carbon Black (CB) were melt mixed to investigate the influence of the filler materials on the electrical properties and the state of the filler dispersion in the matrix. Additionally, the influence of the matrix (viscosity and end group functionalization) on these properties of the composites was studied. Furthermore, hybrid filler systems with CNT and CB were examined in order to reduce the CNT content necessary for electrical percolation.

IMPROVEMENT OF IMPACT PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) (PET)INJECTION MOLDINGS RECYCLED POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) (PET)INJECTION MOLDINGS IMPROVEMENT OF IMPACT PROPERTIES OF R
N. Kunimune , S. Tamada , T. Nagasawa , Y. Makata , Y.W.Leong , H. Hamada, May 2010

Recycling PET is emerging issue for protecting the earth environments and using petrochemical products effectively. R-PET has been used in the form of film fibers and sheet. In the industries R-PET injection moldings are demanded however there are still some problems in injection molding pellet making and properties of products. The most important problem is low impact strength. In this paper we found effective modifier of R-PET to increase impact strength. The effects of modifier contents on not only impact strength but static strength and rigidity were discussed.

IMPROVEMENT OF IMPACT PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) (PET)INJECTION MOLDINGS
N. Kunimune , S. Tamada , T. Nagasawa , Y. Makata , Y.W.Leong , H. Hamada, May 2010

Recycling PET is emerging issue for protecting the earth environments and using petrochemical products effectively. R-PET has been used in the form of film, fibers, and sheet. In the industries R-PET injection moldings are demanded, however there are still some problems in injection molding, pellet making and properties of products. The most important problem is low impact strength. In this paper we found effective modifier of R-PET to increase impact strength. The effects of modifier contents on not only impact strength but static strength and rigidity were discussed.

THE EFFECT OF LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION ON PROPERTIES OF LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
Robert Barsotti, May 2010

The impact of low-energy electron beam irradiation on mechanical properties of Low Density Polyethylene was investigated. The electron energy was 150keV with dose ranging from 5 to 1000 kGy. The properties were evaluated through tensile, drop dart impact, and solvent resistance testing. The correlation between mechanical properties and morphological changes was also studied using melt flow index measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. Impact resistance was found to drastically improve and the elongation at break decreased with increasing dose. This indicates that cross-linking occurred upon electron irradiation and was confirmed by the results of crystallization and melt flow index measurements.

NANOSTRENGTH BLOCK COPOLYMERS FOR EPOXY TOUGHENING
Robert Barsotti, May 2010

Due to their high strength excellent high temperature properties and good adhesion to many surfaces epoxies are extremely valuable engineering materials in composite adhesive coating and electronic applications. Epoxies however suffer from a very low toughness. Arkema’s controlled radical and anionic polymerization technology has been used to synthesize block copolymers additives which provide excellent toughening to epoxies without sacrificing modulus or glass transition temperature. By incorporating functionality into the epoxy miscible block of the polymer nanostructuration of these polymer additives are achieved in a wide range of epoxy systems resulting in excellent thermal and mechanical properties.

NANOSTRENGTH BLOCK COPOLYMERS FOR EPOXY TOUGHENING
Robert Barsotti, May 2010

Due to their high strength, excellent high temperature properties and good adhesion to many surfaces, epoxies are extremely valuable engineering materials in composite, adhesive, coating, and electronic applications. Epoxies, however, suffer from a very low toughness. Arkema's controlled radical and anionic polymerization technology has been used to synthesize block copolymers additives, which provide excellent toughening to epoxies without sacrificing modulus or glass transition temperature. By incorporating functionality into the epoxy miscible block of the polymer, nanostructuration of these polymer additives are achieved in a wide range of epoxy systems, resulting in excellent thermal and mechanical properties.

(N) IR- ABSORBING CONCENTRATE FOR POLYCARBONATE APPLICATIONS
Johannes Loebel , Sami Schehata , Steven Goldstein, May 2010

Organic and inorganic NIR active materials play an important role in a number of fast growing modern plastics applications ranging from laser weldable resp. markable compositions to efficient heat management systems. In recent years we introduced a number of new materials applicable in both transparent and opaque solar energy management [SEM] applications. In this paper we want to present concepts on how to use different combinations of those components in order to create intelligent solutions for integrated SEM systems for both the construction and automotive industries.

IONOMERS WITH ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIVE SELF-REGULATED BREATHABILITY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS FOR HOUSE AND ROOF LINERS
Yushan Hu, Debbie Chiu, Jose M. Rego, Hongyu Chen, Benjamin Poon, May 2010

Environmentally responsive self-regulated gas transmission is achieved by smart vapor barrier (SVB) ionomers. Their moisture transmission changes reversibly from barrier to transmitter as the environmental relative humidity changes. This provides a means to regulate the moisture content within enclosed structures, such as buildings, and enables effective dissipation of moisture to mitigate problems from moisture condensation. It also provides an effective draft barrier to minimize heat transfer for energy conservation. WUFI (W??rme Und Feuchte Instation??r) modeling, methodology pioneered by the Frauhofer Institute, can be used to calculate the coupled heat and moisture transfer in building components containing smart vapor barrier membrane.

STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF POLYOLEFIN BASED ELASTIC FIBERS
Yushan Hu , Debbie Chiu , Jose M. Rego , Hongyu Chen , Benjamin Poon, May 2010

The DOW XLA™1 fiber is a unique elastic fiber that is olefin-based and designed for durable comfortable stretch performance with excellent heat and chemical resistance. The elastomeric properties of DOW XLA™ elastic fiber result from superimposed molecular networks of flexible polymer chains with three types of molecular junctions: entanglements crystallites and covalent crosslinks. DOW XLA™ elastic fibers are made by meltspinning. This paper discusses how polyolefin elastomer properties fiber spinning conditions and fiber crosslinking enable the design of polyolefin elastomer fibers with properties useful in elastic apparel manufacture.

STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF POLYOLEFIN BASED ELASTIC FIBERS
Yushan Hu , Debbie Chiu , Jose M. Rego , Hongyu Chen , Benjamin Poon, May 2010

The DOW XLAƒ?›1 fiber is a unique elastic fiber that is olefin-based and designed for durable, comfortable stretch performance with excellent heat and chemical resistance. The elastomeric properties of DOW XLAƒ?› elastic fiber result from superimposed molecular networks of flexible polymer chains with three types of molecular junctions: entanglements, crystallites and covalent crosslinks. DOW XLAƒ?› elastic fibers are made by meltspinning. This paper discusses how polyolefin elastomer properties, fiber spinning conditions and fiber crosslinking enable the design of polyolefin elastomer fibers with properties useful in elastic apparel manufacture.

NEXT GENERATION HDPE FOR BLOW MOLDING APPLICATIONS
Mridula (Babli) Kapur, May 2010

High density polyethylene (HDPE) is widely used to fabricate blow molded articles for rigid packaging as well as for other market segments such as industrial and chemical containers automotive home and recreation. The drive to reduce packaging cost as well as minimize impact on the environment has increased the emphasis on light weight packaging. A next generation (NG) of HDPE resins was developed through selective molecular architecture modification to offer a unique combination of easy resin processing on existing extrusion blow molding equipment and a superior balance of physical properties which allow blow molded articles to be light weighted. A higher percentage of post consumer recycle can also be incorporated while meeting the blow molded article performance requirements.

AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO THE CORRECTION OF ROTATIONAL FLOW CALCULATIONS FOR SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDERS
Minoru Ogasahara, Manabu Shidou, Shigeru Nagata, Hiroyuki Hamada, Leong Yew Wei, May 2010

Simulation of single-screw extruder screws using the standard pseudo-Newtonian method is known to deviate from measured performance. Part of this deviation is caused by the calculation of the drag flow rate. Previous research has shown that the calculation of the drag flow rate using this method is higher than that in the actual channel, causing the pressure gradient to be incorrectly adjusted to compensate for the error in the drag flow term. The research provided here provides the correction factors for rotational flow (historically known as drag flow) such that axial pressure gradients can be quickly and accurately calculated.

IMPROVEMENT OF INTRINSIC VISCOSITY OF RECYCLED PET BY RADIO FREQUENCY HEATING
Minoru Ogasahara , Manabu Shidou , Shigeru Nagata , Hiroyuki Hamada , Leong Yew Wei, May 2010

The improvement of Intrinsic Viscosity of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)(R-PET) pellets by an industrial radio frequency(RF) heating is described. RPET pellets are made from post-consumer PET bottles degraded by hydrolysis during distribution process. Hence intrinsic viscosity(IV) or molecular weight of RPET exhibits significant lower compared to virgin PET caused from cleavages of chains. This study evaluates the feasibility of RF Heat Treatment to improve the intrinsic viscosity of the material.

INFLUENCE OF LUMINESCENT COMPOUND DERIVATE OF ALDOL CONDENSATION IN PVC DEGRADATION INFLUENCE OF LUMINESCENT COMPOUND DERIVATE OF ALDOL CONDENSATION IN PVC DEGRADATION
S. Vázquez-Rodríguez , V. A. González-González , R. Benavides-Cantú , E. M. Arias-Marin , I. Moggio, May 2010

New conjugated oligomers have been synthesized through aldol condensation from chemical reaction between different kinds of ketone and aromatic dialdehydes. These novel compounds showed absorption in UV-vis spectrum from 275 to 525 nm. In this work we reported the synthesis of an organic compound prepared by reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and terephthalaldehyde (TPA) following a typical aldol condensation route. The luminescent adduct was mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in solution (in THF). Films of PVC-adduct were evaluated in a degradation chamber and changes in chemical structure were evaluated by FTIR in where an increase of carbonyl band was larger than control sample. This new compound can be used to promote degradation of PVC under UV radiation.

INFLUENCE OF LUMINESCENT COMPOUND DERIVATE OF ALDOL CONDENSATION IN PVC DEGRADATION
S. Vázquez-Rodríguez , V. A. González-González , R. Benavides-Cantú , E. M. Arias-Marin , I. Moggio, May 2010

New conjugated oligomers have been synthesized through aldol condensation from chemical reaction between different kinds of ketone and aromatic dialdehydes. These novel compounds showed absorption in UV-vis spectrum from 275 to 525 nm. In this work, we reported the synthesis of an organic compound prepared by reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and terephthalaldehyde (TPA), following a typical aldol condensation route. The luminescent adduct was mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in solution (in THF). Films of PVC-adduct were evaluated in a degradation chamber and changes in chemical structure were evaluated by FTIR, in where an increase of carbonyl band was larger than control sample. This new compound can be used to promote degradation of PVC under UV radiation

NOVEL POROUS FILM-LIKE MATERIALS
Julius Uradnisheck, May 2010

Melt blowing is an extrusion process that produces nonwovens with fine fibers in the 1 to 10 micron diameter range, and finds applications in filtration, sound and liquid absorbency and thermal insulation. Co-extrusion is a process where two polymer resins in the molten state are arranged via feed blocks or layer multipliers to give alternating layers. We have made microfibers that have multiple layers within each fiber and using temperature and pressure have demonstrated that the multi layer microfiber webs can be converted to materials that appear as films but have the internal structure of fibers, which we refer to as filbers. The structure and properties of different type of filber materials have been studied and will be presented.

INTERFACE DETERMINATION OF TWO SHEAR THINNING THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN THE EXTRUSION PROCESS
Bruce Catoen, Harold Godwin, May 2010

Simulation of single-screw extruder screws using the standard pseudo-Newtonian method is known to deviate from measured performance. Part of this deviation is caused by the calculation of the drag flow rate. Previous research has shown that the calculation of the drag flow rate using this method is higher than that in the actual channel, causing the pressure gradient to be incorrectly adjusted to compensate for the error in the drag flow term. The research provided here provides the correction factors for rotational flow (historically known as drag flow) such that axial pressure gradients can be quickly and accurately calculated.







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"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers, ISBN: 123-0-1234567-8-9, pp. 000-000.
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