SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
TOWARDS QUALITY PRODUCTS FROM BIO-BASED PLASTICS
The importance of three inter-dependent factors, i.e., (1) materials, (2) manufacturing, and (3) design and engineering, is generally recognized. All factors are indispensable and equally important for product development. Manufacturing is often the least structured factor and many designers and materials experts do not consider themselves capable to deal with it. Fortunately, expertise is sufficiently available and the best professionals are able to utilize plastics expertise properly in collaborative product development.
THE EFFECTS OF GRADUATED VERSUS CONSTANT RUNNER DIAMETERS ON
FILLING AND PACKING OF A PLASTIC PART IN INJECTION MOLDING
This paper presents a study of the effects of various cold runner systems on filling and packing of a plastic part in injection molding. A comparison between graduated and constant runner diameters was the main focus of the paper. The study centered on the battle between minimizing runner volume and minimizing pressure drops. While many theories exist supporting one runner system over another this research attempted to collect enough data to prove when each should be used.
BIO-COMPATIBLE STRUCTURAL HYDROGEL CATHETER MATERIAL
A new novel process that will produce a
structural hydrogel catheter has been
developed (1) resulting in biocompatible
architecturally stable all
hydrogel devices which can be used as
an alternative to conventional TPE’s.
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF A PLASTIC SLIDE VALVE ASSEMBLY
Premature cracks were observed during service in the
slide valve assembly molded from an acrylonitilebutadiene-
styrene resin. The investigation focused on the
determination of nature and cause of the failure. The
results obtained during the evaluation indicated that the
failure was due to environmental stress cracking which
occurred as a consequence of the presence of the residual
stress and the stress cracking agent. This paper will focus
on the testing used to characterize the failure mode and
identify the cause of the cracking of the slide valve
assembly.
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF A PLASTIC SLIDE VALVE ASSEMBLY
Premature cracks were observed during service in the slide valve assembly molded from an acrylonitilebutadiene- styrene resin. The investigation focused on the determination of nature and cause of the failure. The results obtained during the evaluation indicated that the failure was due to environmental stress cracking, which occurred as a consequence of the presence of the residual stress and the stress cracking agent. This paper will focus on the testing used to characterize the failure mode and identify the cause of the cracking of the slide valve assembly.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATOIN OF VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES AND SLIP BEHAVIOR OF THIN FILMS OF N-HEXADECANE IN THE SHEAR FLOW
We investigate the viscoelastic properties of chain molecules (n-hexadecane) under steady state and oscillatory shear flow of ultra thin films by molecular dynamics simulation. The stress vs. strain rate diagram of the oscillatory shear flow system is used to determine the range of linear viscoelasticity. In addition interfacial slip is observed and discussed in both cases. The critical shear stress at which slip occurs is also found in our simulation.
RELATION BETWEEN BUBBLE STABILITY IN THE FILM BLOWING PROCESS AND MFI
Several HDPE resins with different bubble film stability were tested in a melt flow indexer using the typical die (L = 8 mm D = 2.095 mm) and a zero die (L = 1.3 mm D = 2.095 mm) at two different loads (21.6 kg and 5 kg). A direct correlation was found between the MFI results and the bubble stability.
RELATION BETWEEN BUBBLE STABILITY IN THE FILM BLOWING PROCESS AND MFI
Several HDPE resins with different bubble film stability were tested in a melt flow indexer using the typical die (L = 8 mm, D = 2.095 mm) and a zero die (L = 1.3 mm, D = 2.095 mm) at two different loads (21.6 kg and 5 kg). A direct correlation was found between the MFI results and the bubble stability.
COST EFFECTIVE TiO2 EXTENSION IN WHITE COLOR CONCENTRATES USING ANHYDROUS CALCIUM SULFATE
Anhydrous calcium sulfate is manufactured from high purity, naturally occurring gypsum deposits in Oklahoma, USA. The final product is a white, fine grind powder which is suitable to extend and replace TiO2 in white color concentrate master batches. The material is heat stable in the realm of plastics processing temperatures and it is compatible with the various resins typically used in this application. Due to its low Mohs hardness, calcium sulfate is easily processed while providing opacity by acting as an efficient and cost effective TiO2 spacer in the concentrate.
ELIMINATION OF DEFECTS FROM INJECTION MOLDED
POLYSTYRENE PARTS VIA SCREW MODIFICATIONS
Many injection molded part defects are caused by
improper screw designs. Elimination of the defect and
optimization of the process can often be performed via
simple modifications to the screw. A case study is
presented where a splay defect was caused by a screw with
a low compression ratio with regions where resin can
stagnate and degrade and with a limited melting capacity.
Modification of the screw eliminated the defects and
decreased the cycle time by 8% an improved the plant
capacity by 14%.
ELIMINATION OF DEFECTS FROM INJECTION MOLDED POLYSTYRENE PARTS VIA SCREW MODIFICATIONS
Many injection molded part defects are caused by improper screw designs. Elimination of the defect and optimization of the process can often be performed via simple modifications to the screw. A case study is presented where a splay defect was caused by a screw with a low compression ratio, with regions where resin can stagnate and degrade, and with a limited melting capacity.Modification of the screw eliminated the defects and decreased the cycle time by 8% an improved the plant capacity by 14%.
AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO DESIGNING PLASTICATING SCREWS
FOR SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDERS
An engineering approach for the design of
plasticating screws is presented with a case study. The
approach uses a combination of experimental data and
numerical simulations.
AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO DESIGNING PLASTICATING SCREWS FOR SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDERS
An engineering approach for the design of plasticating screws is presented with a case study. The approach uses a combination of experimental data and numerical simulations.
POLYCARBONATE HYDROLYSIS
The hydrolysis of polycarbonate (PC) is compared to
polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Phosphorus additives
are shown to accelerate PC hydrolysis. Polycarbonate
polyester (PEC) copolymers hydrolyze faster than PC
however hydrolysis of the copolymer can be retarded by
addition of a hydro stabilizer. Color clarity and
mechanical properties are retained.
POLYCARBONATE HYDROLYSIS
The hydrolysis of polycarbonate (PC) is compared to polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Phosphorus additives are shown to accelerate PC hydrolysis. Polycarbonate polyester (PEC) copolymers hydrolyze faster than PC, however hydrolysis of the copolymer can be retarded by addition of a hydro stabilizer. Color, clarity and mechanical properties are retained.
MORPHOLOGY STUDY FOR MICROCELLULAR INJECTION MOLDING
The morphology of microcellular injection molding is
investigated for different materials at different processing
conditions in current available equipments. Several
morphology models are proposed based on this study.
The conclusions provide the guidelines to select the best
processing parameters for different materials to make the
good morphology of microcellular foam by injection
molding with the minimum material property changes.
MORPHOLOGY STUDY FOR MICROCELLULAR INJECTION MOLDING
The morphology of microcellular injection molding is investigated for different materials at different processing conditions in current available equipments. Several morphology models are proposed based on this study.The conclusions provide the guidelines to select the best processing parameters for different materials to make the good morphology of microcellular foam by injection molding with the minimum material property changes.
CAE SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON WARP OF AN
INJECTION MOLDED PART
The warpage of an injection molded part was
predicted by CAE injection molding simulation software
using mid-plane Fusion and true three-dimensional
analyses. An Arburg 320S Allrounder 55 ton injection
molding machine was used for producing parts. The part
deformation was then measured on a CMM. The
predicted part warpage among three mesh models was
compared to the measurement of part deformation. It was
found that the predicted part warp using the true threedimensional
model was in a good agreement with the
measurement of the part.
CAE SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON WARP OF AN INJECTION MOLDED PART
The warpage of an injection molded part was predicted by CAE injection molding simulation software using mid-plane, Fusion and true three-dimensional analyses. An Arburg 320S Allrounder 55 ton injection molding machine was used for producing parts. The part deformation was then measured on a CMM. The predicted part warpage among three mesh models was compared to the measurement of part deformation. It was found that the predicted part warp using the true three-dimensional model was in a good agreement with the measurement of the part.
PROCESSING AND BLENDS OF BIOPLASTICS
Biopolymers are generally defined as polymers that are found in nature derived from nature or utilized as medical implants. Polymeric biomaterials which are utilized as medical implants are typically characterized for enduse performance as well as processability. While lactic acid is found in the human body polylactic acid is derived from natural resources and utilized as medical implants. This paper will utilize poly(lactic acid) as an example of a bioplastic where the morphological and isomeric structure has an influence on end-use properties such as mechanical properties biodegradability and biocompatibility.
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