SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
INJECTION MOLDING CREATES LARGE HOLLOW CHANNELS- THE NEW INNOVATIVE GITBLOWTECHNIQUE
The new GITBlow specialty injection molding process can be used to produce thick-walled molded parts with adjacent thin-walled zones and extremely large hollow sections inside the thickpart areas. In this way it is possible to achieve parts that were previously made by joining together different parts to create assemblies. This paper presents the technology involved highlights the possibilities and fields of application and sums up the test results obtained so far.
THE EFFECTS OF RADIUSED CORNERS ON MELT FLOW IMBALANCES
A special case of mold filling shear induced imbalances in a geometrically balanced runner system is studied in a four-flow mold. The case compares and contrasts the detectable differences theoretically attributed to corner effects seen in the two outermost flow channels. Aninety degree corner and a full radius corner are investigated through use of interchangeable mold inserts which create both conditions.
NANOCOMPOSITES ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION
A pilot nanocomposites entrepreneurial education course was implemented at Pittsburg State University as part of a proposed nanotechnology entrepreneurship emphasis. This effort is designed to inculcate in our students the role of polymeric materials innovation in product development and commercialization. Course performance was evaluated via studentsƒ?? satisfaction indices as per the CUES (Consortium for Upgrading Educational Standards) Assessment Model. CUES-AM data yield a true satisfaction index of 0.92 indicating very good course performance.
DETERMINATION OF THE PVT PROPERTY OF ASYMMETRIC PS/CO2 DROP AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
Due to the high viscosity it is not easy to form
an axisymmetric shape out of a PS/CO2 drop. In
this study the asymmetric PS/CO2 sessile drops
are observed to determine the swelling of a PS
melt with dissolved CO2. A rotational device in a
high-pressure and high-temperature cell with a
visualization window was built. The degree of
asymmetry is mathematically defined and an
algorithm is developed to integrate the
asymmetric profile for determining the PVT (i.e.
volume swelling) of the PS/CO2 solution.
DETERMINATION OF THE PVT PROPERTY OF ASYMMETRIC PS/CO2 DROP AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
Due to the high viscosity, it is not easy to form an axisymmetric shape out of a PS/CO2 drop. In this study, the asymmetric PS/CO2 sessile drops are observed to determine the swelling of a PS melt with dissolved CO2. A rotational device in a high-pressure and high-temperature cell with a visualization window was built. The degree of asymmetry is mathematically defined, and an algorithm is developed to integrate the asymmetric profile for determining the PVT (i.e.volume swelling) of the PS/CO2 solution.
PHOTO-INDUCED FOAMING OF UV CURING MONOMER / POLYMER BLEND WITH CO2
Cross-linking of a UV-curing monomer was utilized
to make bubbles in a polystyrene matrix. The UV-curing
monomer was instantly polymerized and cross-linked by
exposure to UV light. Excess heat was produced during
the polymerization which was utilized to induce bubble
nucleation in the CO2-saturated polymer. The
polymerization of UV curing monomer formed a highly
cross-linked structure which suppressed the bubble growth.
The resulting foam contained 20 micron cells at 1 x 108
/cm3.
PHOTO-INDUCED FOAMING OF UV CURING MONOMER / POLYMER BLEND WITH CO2
Cross-linking of a UV-curing monomer was utilized to make bubbles in a polystyrene matrix. The UV-curing monomer was instantly polymerized and cross-linked by exposure to UV light. Excess heat was produced during the polymerization, which was utilized to induce bubble nucleation in the CO2-saturated polymer. The polymerization of UV curing monomer formed a highly cross-linked structure which suppressed the bubble growth. The resulting foam contained 20 micron cells at 1 x 108 /cm3.
ADHESION PROMOTION USING FLAME PLASMA
SURFACE TREATMENT
The converting industry uses a significant amount of polyolefins from
polyethylene coated paper board to metalized paper & film as well as polyolefin
thin films.
ON-LINE OPTICAL MONITORING OF NANOCOMPOSITE COMPOUNDING
On-line monitoring of compounding of PA6 with
nanoclay is examined to investigate the level of exfoliation
and degradation under a variety of conditions in real-time.
On-line rheological and optical reflectance measurements
are compared with off-line analyses of compounded
samples to investigate the relationship between these
readings and exfoliation/intercalation and/or degradation
of the nanocomposite. The effect of the processing (twinscrew/
single-screw temperature and screw speed) on the
resulting melt quality and the ability to assess this quality
in real-time is discussed.
ON-LINE OPTICAL MONITORING OF NANOCOMPOSITE COMPOUNDING
On-line monitoring of compounding of PA6 with nanoclay is examined to investigate the level of exfoliation and degradation under a variety of conditions in real-time. On-line rheological and optical reflectance measurements are compared with off-line analyses of compounded samples to investigate the relationship between these readings and exfoliation/intercalation and/or degradation of the nanocomposite. The effect of the processing (twinscrew/ single-screw, temperature and screw speed) on the resulting melt quality and the ability to assess this quality in real-time is discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF MELT-MODULATION TECHNOLOGY FOR
ENHANCED INJECTION MOLDING
An improved mechanical apparatus and control
method to enable enhanced melt modulation during
injection molding has been developed and evaluated. As
part of this new actuators were designed with the
objective of decreasing both the size and cost relative to
previously explored melt modulation systems. In addition
different control techniques were applied in order to
enhance the system performance. The results show that
significant improvements were realized but potential
remaining challenges are also presented in the paper.
DEVELOPMENT OF MELT-MODULATION TECHNOLOGY FOR ENHANCED INJECTION MOLDING
An improved mechanical apparatus and control method to enable enhanced melt modulation during injection molding has been developed and evaluated. As part of this, new actuators were designed with the objective of decreasing both the size and cost relative to previously explored melt modulation systems. In addition, different control techniques were applied in order to enhance the system performance. The results show that significant improvements were realized, but potential remaining challenges are also presented in the paper.
THERMAL DEGRADATION OF FIBER-REINFORCED BIO-BASED RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMS
Rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared by a multi- step procedure using a polyol blend of poly(ethylenglycol) PEG-200/pineapple molasses and 4 4'-diisophenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) with a NCO/OH ratio of 1.2. Such material was reinforced with fibers from banana rachis with a fiber composition ranging from 18% to 40% wt.Thermal and themooxidative degradation properties of these composites were assessed. Thermal degradation of PU60 showed the highest polymer lifetime values.
RIGID COMPOSITE MATERIALS FROM OLIVE BRUSH SEED AND UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESIN
A composite material using unsaturated commercial polyester resin (UPE) and olive brush seed (OBS) was prepared. OBS was treated with sodium hydroxide and maleic anhydride (MAN) and subsequently utilized in a proportion of 35 wt.% to prepare a composite material. These materials were evaluated in terms of moisture absorption surface density and mechanical properties such as flexure and tensile tests.
IMPROVING THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF EPOXY HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
The poor thermal conductivity of polymer based composites has long been a deterrent to their increased use in high end aerospace applications. In this study the thermal conductivity of Epoxy-Carbon fiber composites is improved dramatically by a novel method of incorporating carbon nanoparticles into the system. A comprehensive study of the preparation and properties of the highly thermally conductive Epoxy-Carbon fiber-Carbon nanofiber composites is presented.
INVESTIGATION OF EVOH/KAOLINITE NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS
Two grades of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer
(EVOH) were compounded with kaolinite nanoparticles at
a loading level of 5% and subsequently extruded into
blown and cast monolayer films. Films were analyzed for
oxygen and water vapor barrier mechanical performance
and thermal properties. The films showed slight changes
in thermal stability no significant improvement in barrier
properties a decrease in Young's modulus and no change
in thermal properties such as melt and glass transition
temperature.
INVESTIGATION OF EVOH/KAOLINITE NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS
Two grades of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) were compounded with kaolinite nanoparticles at a loading level of 5%, and subsequently extruded into blown and cast monolayer films. Films were analyzed for oxygen and water vapor barrier, mechanical performance and thermal properties. The films showed slight changes in thermal stability, no significant improvement in barrier properties, a decrease in Young's modulus and no change in thermal properties such as melt and glass transition temperature.
INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE ON THE MECHANICAL AND BARRIER
PROPERTIES OF MULTILAYER AROMATIC POLYAMIDE
NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS
Multilayer nanocomposite films containing nylon
MXD6 as a barrier layer were produced through coextrusion
and stored at elevated temperatures for various
periods of time. Dramatic changes in the mechanical
properties and moisture content of these films were
observed after storage for 3 days at 140°F. Glasstransition
temperature increases of 20-40°C were
observed in the films after storage and mechanical testing
revealed a shift from ductile to brittle failure as storage
time and nanocomposite layer thickness increased.
INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE ON THE MECHANICAL AND BARRIER
PROPERTIES OF MULTILAYER AROMATIC POLYAMIDE
NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS
Multilayer nanocomposite films containing nylon MXD6 as a barrier layer were produced through coextrusion and stored at elevated temperatures for various periods of time. Dramatic changes in the mechanical properties and moisture content of these films were observed after storage for 3 days at 140?øF. Glasstransition temperature increases of 20-40?øC were observed in the films after storage, and mechanical testing revealed a shift from ductile to brittle failure as storage time and nanocomposite layer thickness increased.
EFFECT OF THE MOLDING PROCESS OVER THE ADJUSTABLE PARAMETERS IN CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
The mission of this study is to determine the effect of the orientation induced during the transformation process in the adjustable parameters of the constitutive equations for PP. In the hot tensile test different thermoforming conditions were simulated by changing oven temperature (sheet temperature) and crosshead speed (plug speed).Stressƒ??strain relations were derived. The model used involved eight adjustable parameters considering the effect of the process condition and process orientation.
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