SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
RHEOLOGICAL PROPETIES OF BRANCHED POLYSTYRENE PREPARED BY AN ULTRASOUND ASSISTED INTENSIVE MIXER
Hee Jung Kim , Hyungsu Kim , Hooseok Lee , Jae Wook Lee, May 2008
By combining ultrasonic energy which can cause chain scission of polymer molecules and a multifunctional agent (MFA) having double bonds at its ends we were able to modify the molecular structure of polystyrene (PS) from linear to a branched structure during melt processing. The three double bonds in chain ends of MFA were expected to act as sites for trapping macroradicals of PS during the course of ultrasound- assisted mixing process. The transformation of molecular structure of PS was confirmed by the measurements of rheological properties of the modified PS. After the ultrasonic irradiation of PS together with MFA increase in complex viscosities and shear-thinning behavior were observed. The Cole-Cole plot revealed the characteristic features of branched structure.
INSTRUMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PHYSICAL GUMMIINESS OF A MEDICAL GRADE EPOXY-AMINE ADHESIVE AFTER CURING
Xiaoping Guo, May 2008
Various factors that might interfere with reaction stoichiometry and result in physical gumminess of the cured mass were investigated for a medical grade epoxy-amine adhesive system. Dynamic rheometry was used to probe the evolution of dynamic mechanical properties in the adhesive during isothermal curing and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) was utilized to measure the degree of chemical conversion after curing. It has been found that physical gumminess of the adhesive cured under a selected normal curing condition was primarily due to the presences of excessive hardener and also liquid residuals of an industrial cleaner containing hydroxyl and amine functional groups while the presence of excessive epoxy resin at a moderate level arising from non-stoichiometric mixing is unlikely to cause physical gumminess of the cured adhesive mass. Accordingly it is considered that the selection of a proper cleaner and improvement of stoichiometric adhesive mixing prior to adhesive dispensing is of vital importance to developing reliable and strong adhesive bondlines.
INSTRUMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PHYSICAL GUMMIINESS OF A MEDICAL GRADE EPOXY-AMINE ADHESIVE AFTER CURING
Xiaoping Guo, May 2008
Various factors that might interfere with reaction stoichiometry and result in physical gumminess of the cured mass were investigated for a medical grade epoxy-amine adhesive system. Dynamic rheometry was used to probe the evolution of dynamic mechanical properties in the adhesive during isothermal curing, and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) was utilized to measure the degree of chemical conversion after curing. It has been found that physical gumminess of the adhesive cured under a selected, normal curing condition was primarily due to the presences of excessive hardener and also liquid residuals of an industrial cleaner containing hydroxyl and amine functional groups, while the presence of excessive epoxy resin at a moderate level arising from non-stoichiometric mixing is unlikely to cause physical gumminess of the cured adhesive mass. Accordingly, it is considered that the selection of a proper cleaner and improvement of stoichiometric adhesive mixing prior to adhesive dispensing is of vital importance to developing reliable and strong adhesive bondlines.
BREAKTHROUGH MATERIAL FOR LOW GLOSS AND ABRASION RESISTANCE WITH MOLDED-IN-COLOR AUTOMOTIVE INTERIOR COMPONENTS
Steve Rogers , Parvinder Walia , Norwin Van Riel , Jozef Van Dun , Tom Traugott, May 2008
The luxury impression of a vehicle’s interior is strongly determined by the surface quality of the plastic interior trim parts. In higher level vehicles this is achieved by covering the plastic surfaces with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or Thermoplastic Olefin (TPO) skins fabrics or paint. However in the majority of cases cost constraints dictate the use of unpainted molded-in-color plastic parts. The critical factors that determine the quality of unpainted interior part surfaces are low gloss appearance along with good scratch and abrasion resistance. The typical materials currently in use for molded-in-color parts are Polypropylene talc-filled Polypropylene (TF-PP) talcfilled Thermoplastic Olefin (TF-TPO) Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Polyamide/ABS (PA/ABS) and Polycarbonate/ABS (PC/ABS). Through extensive development efforts over the past several years the performance of these materials has significantly improved with respect to scratch resistance and low gloss aesthetic appearance. However a significant gap in surface quality and robustness in comparison to the painted solution is still present. A development project aiming to reduce these specific deficiencies resulted in new innovative material formulations which provide breakthrough improvements in low gloss appearance with excellent scratch and mar resistance. The resulting new material family makes use of the latest advancements in elastomer technologies from Dow Automotive. Velvex™ an Advanced Reinforced Elastomer will enable the automotive OEM to realize significant cost savings through the elimination of paint in higher segment vehicle interiors or with aesthetically more demanding applications.
BREAKTHROUGH MATERIAL FOR LOW GLOSS AND ABRASION RESISTANCE WITH MOLDED-IN-COLOR AUTOMOTIVE INTERIOR COMPONENTS
Steve Rogers , Parvinder Walia , Norwin Van Riel , Jozef Van Dun , Tom Traugott, May 2008
The luxury impression of a vehicleƒ??s interior is strongly determined by the surface quality of the plastic interior trim parts. In higher level vehicles, this is achieved by covering the plastic surfaces with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or Thermoplastic Olefin (TPO) skins, fabrics, or paint. However, in the majority of cases, cost constraints dictate the use of unpainted, molded-in-color plastic parts.The critical factors that determine the quality of unpainted interior part surfaces are low gloss appearance along with good scratch and abrasion resistance. The typical materials currently in use for molded-in-color parts are Polypropylene, talc-filled Polypropylene (TF-PP), talcfilled Thermoplastic Olefin (TF-TPO), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polyamide/ABS (PA/ABS), and Polycarbonate/ABS (PC/ABS). Through extensive development efforts over the past several years, the performance of these materials has significantly improved with respect to scratch resistance and low gloss aesthetic appearance. However, a significant gap in surface quality and robustness in comparison to the painted solution is still present. A development project aiming to reduce these specific deficiencies resulted in new innovative material formulations, which provide breakthrough improvements in low gloss appearance with excellent scratch and mar resistance. The resulting new material family makes use of the latest advancements in elastomer technologies from Dow Automotive. Velvexƒ?›, an Advanced Reinforced Elastomer, will enable the automotive OEM to realize significant cost savings through the elimination of paint in higher segment vehicle interiors, or with aesthetically more demanding applications.
PROCESSING OF PET NANOCOMPOSITES WITH DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF SURFACTANTS USING TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY
K Tarverdi , S. Sontikaew, May 2008
In this study a light guide plate was designed using different micro features on a three-sided surface.Simulation software was applied to analyze the luminance of brightness and uniformity under various micro pattern designs so that a fair optical performance can be achieved.Then a micro-patterned mold was made for molding. The effect of replication accuracy on the brightness and the luminance uniformity resulting from molding was investigated. It was found the replication accuracy is increased with increasing mold temperature and melt temperature. When the replication accuracies of the Vgroove at three-side surface were improved the resulting luminance was also increased by 17.96 %.
PROCESSING OF PET NANOCOMPOSITES WITH DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF SURFACTANTS USING TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY
K Tarverdi , S. Sontikaew, May 2008
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanocomposites and two organoclays with different content of the same surfactant were blended in a twin screw extruder. The effect of the amount of surfactant on the microstructure and isothermal crystallization kinetics of the filled and unfilled systems was studied. The isothermal data from differential scanning calorimetry was analyzed using the Avrami equation. The spherulitic structure was observed using scanning electron microscope. It was found that the amount of the surfactant significantly affected the crystallization and microstructure of PET/organoclay nanocomposite.
EFFECTS OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ON THE SCRATCH BEHAVIOR OF ABS COPOLYMER
Keehae Kwon , Il-Jin Kim, May 2008
The effects of the mechanical properties on the scratch resistance are investigated by using Ball-type Scratch Profile (BSP) test developed by Cheil Industries Inc. BSP test method is designed for evaluating the scratch resistance by quantifying the amounts of created scratch to scratch width depth range and area. To investigate the relation between scratch behavior and mechanical property the measured scratch width is compared with the mechanical properties such as tensile strength tensile elongation flexural strength and flexural modules. The Rockwell hardness and pencil hardness results are also compared with the measured scratch width and their relations are studies.
INVESTIGATION OF FIBER ORIENTATION IN FILLING AND PACKING PHASES
Chih-Chung Hsu , Dar-Der Hsieh , Hsian-Sen Chiu , Masashi Yamabe, May 2008
Fiber-reinforced engineering materials are widely used for their superior mechanical properties in lots of plastic parts. And it is truly believed that in the injection molding process the fiber orientation and anisotropy shrinkage are very complex 3D phenomena which may influence the product properties deeply. In this research the fiber orientation is considered both in filling and packing process numerically. The result of fiber orientation shows a good agreement with experimental data. Moreover the investigation illustrates the strength of fiber orientation in filling and packing phases.
ANOMALOUS MECHANICAL ANISOTROPY OF BETA-FORM POLYPROPYLENE OBTAINED BY T-DIE PROCESSING
Masayuki Yamaguchi , Takashi Fukui , Kenzo Okamoto, May 2008
Structure and mechanical properties are studied for extruded sheets of isotactic polypropylene (PP) containing a small amount of N N’-dicyclohexyl-2 6-naphthalenedicarboxamide as a ?-form nucleating agent. It is found that the ? trigonal crystals are predominantly formed in the extruded samples containing the nucleating agent. Since the ?-form crystals are responsible for the marked mechanical toughness the impact strength of the sheet sample containing the nucleating agent is higher than that of the pure PP. Further PP molecules in the extruded sheet are found to orient perpendicular to the applied flow direction. As a result the sheet shows anomalous mechanical anisotropy.
ANOMALOUS MECHANICAL ANISOTROPY OF BETA-FORM POLYPROPYLENE OBTAINED BY T-DIE PROCESSING
Masayuki Yamaguchi , Takashi Fukui , Kenzo Okamoto, May 2008
Structure and mechanical properties are studied for extruded sheets of isotactic polypropylene (PP) containing a small amount of N,Nƒ??-dicyclohexyl-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxamide, as a ?ý-form nucleating agent. It is found that the ?ý trigonal crystals are predominantly formed in the extruded samples containing the nucleating agent.Since the ?ý-form crystals are responsible for the marked mechanical toughness, the impact strength of the sheet sample containing the nucleating agent is higher than that of the pure PP. Further, PP molecules in the extruded sheet are found to orient perpendicular to the applied flow direction.As a result, the sheet shows anomalous mechanical anisotropy.
LEARNING EFFICIENCY OF USING VIRTUAL MANUFACTURING IN E-LEARNING FOR THE OPERATION TECHNOLOGY OF INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE
H. S. Lin , M. C. Jeng , S. C. Chen, May 2008
E-Learning is now a popular learning method and it is a certain relation between e-Learning and Virtual Manufacturing‹¬?VM‹¬?. In the context it designed two experiments to prove the learning efficiency of using the VM technology in e-Learning. Two experiments were carried out including the learning efficiency test (LET) and the reliability test (RT). LET aims to prove whether the learning system provides learning efficiency; and RT aims to test the stability of the operating system. The results of experiments evidence that operation system provides the learner with learning efficiency 30% and reliability value( for operating time) is 0.835 . This hence concludes the usability of this way.
COST EFFECTIVE TiO2 EXTENSION IN WHITE COLOR CONCENTRATES USING ANHYDROUS CALCIUM SULFATE
Susan Dichter , John Hollendonner, May 2008
Anhydrous calcium sulfate is manufactured from high purity naturally occurring gypsum deposits in Oklahoma USA. The final product is a white fine grind powder which is suitable to extend and replace TiO2 in white color concentrate master batches. The material is heat stable in the realm of plastics processing temperatures and it is compatible with the various resins typically used in this application. Due to its low Mohs hardness calcium sulfate is easily processed while providing opacity by acting as an efficient and cost effective TiO2 spacer in the concentrate.
COST EFFECTIVE TiO2 EXTENSION IN WHITE COLOR CONCENTRATES USING ANHYDROUS CALCIUM SULFATE
Susan Dichter , John Hollendonner, May 2008
Anhydrous calcium sulfate is manufactured from high purity, naturally occurring gypsum deposits in Oklahoma, USA. The final product is a white, fine grind powder which is suitable to extend and replace TiO2 in white color concentrate master batches. The material is heat stable in the realm of plastics processing temperatures and it is compatible with the various resins typically used in this application. Due to its low Mohs hardness, calcium sulfate is easily processed while providing opacity by acting as an efficient and cost effective TiO2 spacer in the concentrate.
ADVANCED ON-LINE GAUGING SOLUTIONS FOR CONTINUOUS PROCESS MONITORING AND CONTROL
Tan Srinivasan, May 2008
On-line gauging Systems with advanced Full Spectrum InfraRed sensor technologies and control strategies improve quality of multilayer high barrier films and coatings increase productivity of the manufacturing process and provide timely and valuable insights into the Biax Film and Extrusion Coating manufacturing processes with Process Analytical tools and Process Diagnostics Visualization tools. Diagnostic tools such as FFT Contourview Die mapping Process variables trending etc. pinpoint the process problems in a timely manner. The resultant Process Optimization contributes significantly to improved product quality increased productivity scrap reduction and high material yield.
ADVANCED ON-LINE GAUGING SOLUTIONS FOR CONTINUOUS PROCESS MONITORING AND CONTROL
Tan Srinivasan, May 2008
On-line gauging Systems with advanced Full Spectrum InfraRed sensor technologies and control strategies improve quality of multilayer high barrier films and coatings, increase productivity of the manufacturing process, and provide timely and valuable insights into the Biax Film and Extrusion Coating manufacturing processes with Process Analytical tools and Process Diagnostics Visualization tools. Diagnostic tools such as FFT, Contourview, Die mapping, Process variables trending etc. pinpoint the process problems in a timely manner. The resultant Process Optimization contributes significantly to improved product quality, increased productivity, scrap reduction and high material yield.
FUNCTIONALIZED POLYOLEFINS THAT DELIVER ROOM TEMPERATURE ADHESION TO POLYURETHANES
Laura Weaver , Ashish Batra , Jose M. Rego , Patricia Ansems , Laura Mergenhagen, May 2008
Maleic anhydride (MAH) modified polymers and ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers are known to adhere well to polar materials in high temperature processes such as in multi-layer film and sheet extrusion. However these materials have been found to exhibit unacceptable adhesion to polar materials such as polyurethane foams adhesives and coatings in room temperature applications. Three new developmental products are now available for sampling which can be coextruded with either low density polyethylene (LDPE) propylene-ethylene elastomers or ethylene-?-olefin elastomers and provide a high functionality surface layer that enables adhesion to urethanes at room temperature. Each product exhibits 100% cohesive failure from a polyurethane foam applied at room temperature. Examples of applications where these type of films and sheets would be useful are: transportation (head rests consoles seating headliners flooring); building and construction; consumer durables packaging and the like. This paper describes typical process conditions film and sheet properties and adhesion performance of the functionalized polyolefins that can adhere to polyurethane at room temperature.
FUNCTIONALIZED POLYOLEFINS THAT DELIVER ROOM TEMPERATURE ADHESION TO POLYURETHANES
Laura Weaver , Ashish Batra , Jose M. Rego , Patricia Ansems , Laura Mergenhagen, May 2008
Maleic anhydride (MAH) modified polymers and ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers are known to adhere well to polar materials in high temperature processes such as in multi-layer film and sheet extrusion. However, these materials have been found to exhibit unacceptable adhesion to polar materials such as polyurethane foams, adhesives, and coatings in room temperature applications. Three new developmental products are now available for sampling which can be coextruded with either low density polyethylene (LDPE), propylene-ethylene elastomers, or ethylene-?ñ-olefin elastomers and provide a high functionality surface layer that enables adhesion to urethanes at room temperature. Each product exhibits 100% cohesive failure from a polyurethane foam applied at room temperature. Examples of applications where these type of films and sheets would be useful are: transportation (head rests, consoles, seating, headliners, flooring); building and construction; consumer durables, packaging and the like. This paper describes typical process conditions, film and sheet properties, and adhesion performance of the functionalized polyolefins that can adhere to polyurethane at room temperature.
FLAME RETARDANCY OF POLYCARBONATE-PDMS COPOLYMER COMPOSITIONS
Krishna Maruvada , Cristina Cojocariu , Niles Rosenquist, May 2008
Inherent Flame Retardancy (FR) of copolymer compositions of Polycarbonate–Polydimethylsiloxane is presented in this paper. Properties such as limiting oxygen Index char yield surface enrichment characteristics along with UL94 performance are analyzed. Comparison is made with neat polycarbonate. Superior inherent FR coupled with good low temperature impact heat hydroaging characteristics and transparency distinguishes copolymer compositions from neat polycarbonate thereby making these compositions excellent candidates for engineering thermoplastic applications including medical and food contact applications.
FLAME RETARDANCY OF POLYCARBONATE-PDMS COPOLYMER COMPOSITIONS
Krishna Maruvada , Cristina Cojocariu , Niles Rosenquist, May 2008
Inherent Flame Retardancy (FR) of copolymer compositions of Polycarbonateƒ??Polydimethylsiloxane is presented in this paper. Properties such as limiting oxygen Index, char yield, surface enrichment characteristics along with UL94 performance are analyzed. Comparison is made with neat polycarbonate. Superior inherent FR coupled with good low temperature impact, heat, hydroaging characteristics, and transparency distinguishes copolymer compositions from neat polycarbonate, thereby making these compositions excellent candidates for engineering thermoplastic applications including medical and food contact applications.
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