SPE Library


The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Conference Proceedings

NEW PERSPECTIVE ON HEAT DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE OF GLASSY POLYCARBONATE
Xiangyang Li , James Mason, May 2008

For polycarbonate the HDT values can vary over 20±C. Many factors a®ect the test results. Among these ther- mal dilatation and creep were discussed in detail. Quan- titatively the contribution from thermal dilatation to HDT values varies little with physical aging time but the contribution from creep to HDT values changes greatly. When creep is insigni¯cant the HDT values can be cal- culated from an elastic beam de°ection equation and are close to the Tg values. This paper qualitatively disputes the claims of the e®ect of residual stress on HDT values. It is argued that changes in residual stress level and HDT values with physical aging are symptoms of the structural relaxation but no causal e®ect exists between these two symptoms. As a test method for amorphous polymers Vicat or Tg can provide more reliable results than HDT.

NEW PERSPECTIVE ON HEAT DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE OF GLASSY POLYCARBONATE
Xiangyang Li, May 2008

For polycarbonate, the HDT values can vary over 20?øC. Many factors affect the test results. Among these, thermal dilatation and creep were discussed in detail. Quantitatively, the contribution from thermal dilatation to HDT values varies little with physical aging time, but the contribution from creep to HDT values changes greatly. When creep is insignificant, the HDT values can be calculated from an elastic beam deflection equation and are close to the Tg values. This paper qualitatively disputes the claims of the effect of residual stress on HDT values. It is argued that changes in residual stress level and HDT values with physical aging are symptoms of the structural relaxation, but no causal effect exists between these two symptoms. As a test method for amorphous polymers, Vicat or Tg can provide more reliable results than HDT.

POLYMER-POLYMER INTERFACIAL SLIP MEASUREMENTS IN MULTILAYERED FILM
Patrick C. Lee , Hee Eon Park , Christopher W. Macosko , John M. Dealy, May 2008

Significant slip can occur during flow of twoimmiscible polymers due to reduced entanglements at theirinterface. The slip is of practical importance because of itseffect on morphology and adhesion of these multi-phasematerials such as disordered two-phase blends andmultilayer films. Using rheological technique we studiedthe interfacial slip in co-extruded multilayer films. Theviscosity drop of a multilayer sample below the averageviscosity of two neat components was observed for bothpolypropylene/polystyrene and polyethylene/fluoropolymer systems indicating interfacial slip.Furthermore the viscosity drop of a multilayer sampleincreased with the number of layers.

POLYMER-POLYMER INTERFACIAL SLIP MEASUREMENTS IN MULTILAYERED FILM
Patrick C. Lee , Hee Eon Park , Christopher W. Macosko , John M. Dealy, May 2008

Significant slip can occur during flow of two immiscible polymers due to reduced entanglements at their interface. The slip is of practical importance because of its effect on morphology and adhesion of these multi-phase materials, such as disordered two-phase blends and multilayer films. Using rheological technique, we studied the interfacial slip in co-extruded multilayer films. The viscosity drop of a multilayer sample below the average viscosity of two neat components was observed for both polypropylene/polystyrene and polyethylene /fluoropolymer systems, indicating interfacial slip. Furthermore, the viscosity drop of a multilayer sample increased with the number of layers.

STUDY OF TAKE-UP VELOCITY IN ENHANCING TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ALIGNED ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 FIBERS
John Najem , Shing-Chung Wong, May 2008

The variation of both the tensile properties and the thermal properties of aligned electrospun fibers with the take-up velocity (TUV) of disc collector have not been widely investigated due to the difficulty of handling aligned nanofibers and measuring low loads. In this paper 25% of nylon 6 solution was electrospun into fibers and the fibers were aligned using a rotating disc collector. We evaluated both the mechanical and the thermal properties of aligned electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers having a diameter less than 200 nm as a function of the TUV based on a disc collector. It was determined that by increasing the TUV from 14.2 m/s to 21.4 m/s the tensile properties showed a substantial increase including the elastic modulus the strain energy density and the tensile strength which increased by 108% 100% and 75% respectively. Meanwhile the melting temperature remained the same compared to the bulk material.

STUDY OF TAKE-UP VELOCITY IN ENHANCING TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ALIGNED ELECTROSPUN NYLON 6 FIBERS
John Najem , Shing-Chung Wong, May 2008

The variation of both the tensile properties and the thermal properties of aligned electrospun fibers with the take-up velocity (TUV) of disc collector have not been widely investigated due to the difficulty of handling aligned nanofibers and measuring low loads. In this paper, 25% of nylon 6 solution was electrospun into fibers and the fibers were aligned using a rotating disc collector. We evaluated both the mechanical and the thermal properties of aligned electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers, having a diameter less than 200 nm, as a function of the TUV based on a disc collector. It was determined that by increasing the TUV from 14.2 m/s to 21.4 m/s, the tensile properties showed a substantial increase including the elastic modulus, the strain energy density, and the tensile strength which increased by 108%, 100%, and 75%, respectively. Meanwhile, the melting temperature remained the same compared to the bulk material.

MICROFLUIDIC MIXER FOR POLYMER MELTS
Doyoung Moon , Kalman B. Migler, May 2008

We present a novel microfluidic mixer for high temperature polymer melts based on the platform of the Multi-sample Micro-slit Rheometer (MMR). The device is essentially a static mixer with eight consecutive units of splitting and recombination flow formed by stacking three stainless steel shims (50 ?m thickness). The mixing results show both multilayer and domain/matrix morphologies depending on the channel configuration and blend pair. This mixer will be particularly useful not only as a polymer melt mixer but as a multilayer processor when a limited material quantity (typical sample size ? 20 ?L) is available.

MICROFLUIDIC MIXER FOR POLYMER MELTS
Doyoung Moon , Kalman B. Migler, May 2008

We present a novel microfluidic mixer for high temperature polymer melts based on the platform of the Multi-sample Micro-slit Rheometer (MMR). The device is essentially a static mixer with eight consecutive units of splitting and recombination flow formed by stacking three stainless steel shims (50 ?¬m thickness). The mixing results show both multilayer and domain/matrix morphologies depending on the channel configuration and blend pair. This mixer will be particularly useful not only as a polymer melt mixer but as a multilayer processor when a limited material quantity (typical sample size ƒ?? 20 ?¬L) is available.h

3D SIMULATIONS OF A REACTIVE FLOW IN SCREW ELEMENTS OF CLOSELYINTERMESHING TWIN SCREW EXTRUDERS: A SCALE-UP ANALYSIS
Estanislao Ortiz-Rodriguez , Costas Tzoganakis, May 2008

The peroxide-initiated degradation of polypropylene in fully-filled screw elements of closely intermeshing twinscrew extruders is being analyzed. For this purpose threedimensional simulations are being implemented to describe this reactive flow in screw elements of two different size extruders. The effects of the initial peroxide concentration mass throughput and especially extruder size on the final weight-average molecular weight and poly-dispersity index of the product are studied. In relation to the later the temperature of reaction resulting from the specified processing conditions is discussed.

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF AN INTERBODY FUSION CAGE MOLD
V. Picón , M. Matos , C. Müller-Karger , M. V. Candal , H. Nicola, May 2008

The main goal of this project was to design evaluate and validate an interbody fusion cage (IFC) and its injection mold by means of CAE/CAD and finite elements tools (Pro-ENGINEER C-MOLD and ANSYS). IFC is employed as a supplement in the lumbar fusion. PEEK was chosen for IFC manufacture. Based on the interbody cage design two cavities and a double opening ejection system were used in the mold. Molds with different cooling and feeding systems were designed and evaluated using modelator and simulation software (C-MOLD). Results indicate that the best mold has only one standard lateral gate and four cooling channels in each cavity. The cycle time was less than 36 sec. After a financial study this project represents a feasible solution for Venezuelan patients.

ADVANCES IN PLASTICS JOINING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF MEDICAL DEVICES
Nitin P. Phadnis, May 2008

With demand for the use of plastics in Medical Devices expected to continue growing there is also a growing demand for improved control and analysis of related assembly processes. Additionally there is a growing demand to use plastics in MEMS and Micro-fluidics for analytical and drug delivery devices. Therefore manufacturers are increasingly looking for joining technologies that are particulate free and will not occlude miniature channels. These trends have led to the introduction of several new methods to control monitor and analyze the assembly process as well as led to the use of new plastics joining technologies such as Laser and Infra Red Welding.

ADVANCES IN PLASTICS JOINING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF MEDICAL DEVICES
Nitin P. Phadnis, May 2008

With demand for the use of plastics in Medical Devices expected to continue growing, there is also a growing demand for improved control and analysis of related assembly processes. Additionally there is a growing demand to use plastics in MEMS and Micro-fluidics for analytical and drug delivery devices. Therefore manufacturers are increasingly looking for joining technologies that are particulate free and will not occlude miniature channels. These trends have led to the introduction of several new methods to control, monitor and analyze the assembly process as well as led to the use of new plastics joining technologies such as Laser and Infra Red Welding.

HYPERELASTIC MODELING OF ENHANCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(?-CAPROLACTONE) FIBERS
Xiaofan Wei , Shing-Chung Wong , Avinash Baji, May 2008

Little is understood on the deformation of electrospun nanofibers. This study aims to evaluate the electrospun nanofiber deformation in both macroscopic and nanometer length scales using the classical hyperelastic models. The Mooney-Rivlin models are used to evaluate the tensile properties of poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL) made by the electrospinning technique. The stress-strain relationships of single fibers are reported. This study also provides comparative analyses among Mooney-Rivlin models. Analytical calculations illustrate the importance of understanding crystallinity and molecular orientations of nanofibers.

HYPERELASTIC MODELING OF ENHANCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSPUN POLY(?æ-CAPROLACTONE) FIBERS
Xiaofan Wei , Shing-Chung Wong , Avinash Baji, May 2008

Little is understood on the deformation of electrospun nanofibers. This study aims to evaluate the electrospun nanofiber deformation in both macroscopic and nanometer length scales using the classical hyperelastic models. The Mooney-Rivlin models are used to evaluate the tensile properties of poly(?æ-caprolactone) (PCL) made by the electrospinning technique. The stress-strain relationships of single fibers are reported. This study also provides comparative analyses among Mooney-Rivlin models.Analytical calculations illustrate the importance of understanding crystallinity and molecular orientations of nanofibers.

THE EFFECT OF UV IRRADIATION ON MELTING AND CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF POLY(1-BUTENE)
Lubomír Bení?ek , Roman ?ermák , Vincent Verney , Sophie Commereuc , Martin Obadal, May 2008

The work directs attention towards the influence of natural weathering and accelerated UV degradation on thermal behavior and subsequent transformation behavior of isotactic poly(1-butene) (PB-1). For these purposes two different commercial-available grades of PB-1 were chosen. Specimens prepared by compression molding were UV irradiated for 0 to 40 hours and naturally weathered up to 63 days. Significant changes were consequently observed in crystallization and melting behavior as well as in the phase transformation mechanism.

THE EFFECT OF UV IRRADIATION ON MELTING AND CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF POLY(1-BUTENE)
Lubomír Bení?ek , Roman ?ermák , Vincent Verney , Sophie Commereuc , Martin Obadal, May 2008

The work directs attention towards the influence of natural weathering and accelerated UV degradation on thermal behavior and subsequent transformation behavior of isotactic poly(1-butene) (PB-1). For these purposes, two different commercial-available grades of PB-1 were chosen. Specimens prepared by compression molding were UV irradiated for 0 to 40 hours and naturally weathered up to 63 days. Significant changes were consequently observed in crystallization and melting behavior as well as in the phase transformation mechanism.

NEW LOW GLOSS POLYCARBONATE BLENDS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
Marina Rogunova , Jim Mason , Robyn Francis, May 2008

Automotive original equipment manufacturers are consistently looking for low-gloss materials for interior applications that can stand up to years of wear and tear and environmental exposure yet maintain aesthetic quality without painting. Bayblend® LGX 300 resin is specifically developed for automotive interior applications requiring a material that is inherently low in gloss with extra flowability good weathering and good scratch and mar resistance. Another important attribute of Bayblend LGX 300 is its low-emission characteristic which is particularly important as automotive manufacturers strive to reduce the levels of VOCs in their automobiles to improve the interior environment and meet federal regulations. Because LGX 300 resin is a low gloss high-flow polycarbonate (PC) blend with good heat and impact performance; thin-wall part design can be achieved without painting.

NEW LOW GLOSS POLYCARBONATE BLENDS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
Marina Rogunova , Jim Mason , Robyn Francis, May 2008

Automotive original equipment manufacturers are consistently looking for low-gloss materials for interior applications that can stand up to years of wear and tear and environmental exposure yet maintain aesthetic quality without painting. Bayblend?? LGX 300 resin is specifically developed for automotive interior applications requiring a material that is inherently low in gloss with extra flowability, good weathering and good scratch and mar resistance. Another important attribute of Bayblend LGX 300 is its low-emission characteristic, which is particularly important as automotive manufacturers strive to reduce the levels of VOCs in their automobiles to improve the interior environment and meet federal regulations. Because LGX 300 resin is a low gloss, high-flow polycarbonate (PC) blend with good heat and impact performance; thin-wall part design can be achieved without painting.

INFRASTAKE – STAKING AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT
Scott Beute, May 2008

The practice of forming a molded stud or boss in order to retain another component is nothing new. Long ago engineers recognized the benefits of eliminating glue screws and other fasteners and as a result they developed several different methods of heat staking that have been around for quite some time. Against this backdrop a nonconventional staking process called InfraStake® a relatively new technology in the business has been developed. As the name suggests the energy source is infrared light and the heat transfer mode is radiation (the safe type!). The InfraStake module clamps the parts together heats the boss evenly with precisely directed infrared light and forms the plastic with a non-heated punch driven by a low-force pneumatic cylinder. Figure 1 shows a typical InfraStake module.

INFRASTAKE ƒ?? STAKING AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT
Scott Beute, May 2008

The practice of forming a molded stud or boss in order to retain another component is nothing new. Long ago, engineers recognized the benefits of eliminating glue, screws, and other fasteners, and as a result, they developed several different methods of heat staking that have been around for quite some time. Against this backdrop, a nonconventional staking processcalled InfraStake??, a relatively new technology in the business, has been developed. As the name suggests, the energy source is infrared light, and the heat transfer mode is radiation (the safe type!). The InfraStake module clamps the parts together, heats the boss evenly with precisely directed infrared light, and forms the plastic with a non-heated punch driven by a low-force pneumatic cylinder. Figure 1 shows a typical InfraStake module.










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