The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Marina Rogunova , Jim Mason , Robyn Francis, May 2008
Automotive original equipment manufacturers are
consistently looking for low-gloss materials for interior
applications that can stand up to years of wear and tear and
environmental exposure yet maintain aesthetic quality
without painting. Bayblend® LGX 300 resin is specifically
developed for automotive interior applications requiring a
material that is inherently low in gloss with extra
flowability good weathering and good scratch and mar
resistance. Another important attribute of Bayblend LGX
300 is its low-emission characteristic which is particularly
important as automotive manufacturers strive to reduce the
levels of VOCs in their automobiles to improve the interior
environment and meet federal regulations. Because LGX
300 resin is a low gloss high-flow polycarbonate (PC)
blend with good heat and impact performance; thin-wall
part design can be achieved without painting.
Marina Rogunova , Jim Mason , Robyn Francis, May 2008
Automotive original equipment manufacturers are consistently looking for low-gloss materials for interior applications that can stand up to years of wear and tear and environmental exposure yet maintain aesthetic quality without painting. Bayblend?? LGX 300 resin is specifically developed for automotive interior applications requiring a material that is inherently low in gloss with extra flowability, good weathering and good scratch and mar resistance. Another important attribute of Bayblend LGX 300 is its low-emission characteristic, which is particularly important as automotive manufacturers strive to reduce the levels of VOCs in their automobiles to improve the interior environment and meet federal regulations. Because LGX 300 resin is a low gloss, high-flow polycarbonate (PC) blend with good heat and impact performance; thin-wall part design can be achieved without painting.
The practice of forming a molded stud or boss in order to
retain another component is nothing new. Long ago
engineers recognized the benefits of eliminating glue
screws and other fasteners and as a result they developed
several different methods of heat staking that have been
around for quite some time.
Against this backdrop a nonconventional staking process
called InfraStake® a relatively new technology in the
business has been developed. As the name suggests the
energy source is infrared light and the heat transfer mode
is radiation (the safe type!). The InfraStake module
clamps the parts together heats the boss evenly with
precisely directed infrared light and forms the plastic with
a non-heated punch driven by a low-force pneumatic
cylinder. Figure 1 shows a typical InfraStake module.
The practice of forming a molded stud or boss in order to retain another component is nothing new. Long ago, engineers recognized the benefits of eliminating glue, screws, and other fasteners, and as a result, they developed several different methods of heat staking that have been around for quite some time. Against this backdrop, a nonconventional staking processcalled InfraStake??, a relatively new technology in the business, has been developed. As the name suggests, the energy source is infrared light, and the heat transfer mode is radiation (the safe type!). The InfraStake module clamps the parts together, heats the boss evenly with precisely directed infrared light, and forms the plastic with a non-heated punch driven by a low-force pneumatic cylinder. Figure 1 shows a typical InfraStake module.
Mike L. Zumbrunnen , David A. Zumbrunnen, May 2008
The variety and quality of blown film products can be
greatly increased if two or more polymer components can
be arranged into structures other than a few or several
layers or if much thinner and more numerous layers are
formed. This paper describes a new blown film smart die
in which polymer melts are stretched and folded
recursively by chaotic advection. Melts become arranged
into multi-layers of prescribed thickness and number.
Films can have many dozens hundreds and even
thousands of layers. Moreover the layers can transform if
desired to give particular derivative blend morphologies
such as microscopic sponge-like structures interconnected
layers platelets or droplets. Solid particles can also be
arranged into networks or oriented within discrete layers.
Mike L. Zumbrunnen , David A. Zumbrunnen, May 2008
The variety and quality of blown film products can be greatly increased if two or more polymer components can be arranged into structures other than a few or several layers or if much thinner and more numerous layers are formed. This paper describes a new blown film smart die in which polymer melts are stretched and folded recursively by chaotic advection. Melts become arranged into multi-layers of prescribed thickness and number.Films can have many dozens, hundreds, and even thousands of layers. Moreover, the layers can transform if desired to give particular derivative blend morphologies such as microscopic sponge-like structures, interconnected layers, platelets, or droplets. Solid particles can also be arranged into networks or oriented within discrete layers.
Rungsima Yeetsorn , Michael Fowler , Costas Tzoganakis, May 2008
Thermoplastic composites are thought to be one of
the most promising candidate materials to substitute for
conventional materials in bipolar plates for PEM Fuel
Cells but it is difficult to meet desirable conductivities
when using thermoplastic composite plates while maintaining
processability. In this regard introducing small amounts
of polypyrrole to the composites enhances electrical
conductivity of the composites. Experiments involved
both ex-situ tests of bipolar plate materials and in-situ fuel
cell tests. From results the conductivity of the material
and fuel cell performance increased more than 5% by
adding 1.8% of polypyrrole.
Rungsima Yeetsorn , Michael Fowler , Costas Tzoganakis, May 2008
Thermoplastic composites are thought to be one of the most promising candidate materials to substitute for conventional materials in bipolar plates for PEM Fuel Cells, but it is difficult to meet desirable conductivities when using thermoplastic composite plates while maintaining processability. In this regard, introducing small amounts of polypyrrole to the composites enhances electrical conductivity of the composites. Experiments involved both ex-situ tests of bipolar plate materials and in-situ fuel cell tests. From results, the conductivity of the material and fuel cell performance increased more than 5% by adding 1.8% of polypyrrole.
Mitesh Shah , Kevin Cai , Marta Drewniak , Sudhir Bafna, May 2008
High-gloss molded-in-color (MIC) engineered
polyolefin materials have been rapidly gaining acceptance
in the automotive industry as an alternative to painted
plastic. This is evidenced by the recent commercialization
of INDURE® X-76 for exterior trim on the Ford F-250
platform. INDURE® X-76 offers excellent surface
durability weatherability processability and part
appearance while reducing total system costs. This paper
reviews the performance attributes and applicability of this
class of high-gloss engineered polymers focusing on new
developments that extend the property and performance
envelope.
High-gloss molded-in-color (MIC) engineeredpolyolefin materials have been rapidly gaining acceptance
in the automotive industry as an alternative to painted
plastic. This is evidenced by the recent commercialization
of INDURE
??
X-76 for exterior trim on the Ford F-250?ÿ
platform. INDURE
?? X-76 offers excellent surface
?ÿ
?ÿdurability weatherability processability and part
appearance while reducing total system costs. This paper
reviews the performance attributes and applicability of this
class of high-gloss engineered polymers focusing on new
developments that extend the property and performance
envelope.
Taher Azdast , Eung Kee Lee , Kyung-Min. Lee , Chul B. Park , Hani E. Naguib , Amir H. Behravesh , Elke Pachner , Andreas Praller, May 2008
This paper investigates the cell nucleation behaviors ofnon-crosslinked high-melt-strength (HMS) polypropylene (PP)foams blown with supercritical Carbon Dioxide (CO?ÿ2). Varying?ÿ?ÿ2. It was also observed that the effect of CO2on the cell density was more pronounced when low talc contentwas used?ÿ. Regardless of the amount of nucleating and blowing?ÿ?ÿ. It also appeared that?ÿthe die pressure did not affect the cell density significantly.agent the cell density was significantly improved by using a diewith a high pressure-drop-rate geometrythe talc and CO2 content changed the cell density. The effect ofdie pressure and pressure drop rate on cell nucleation behaviorsof HMS PP was also observed by using different die geometries.Three dies were deliberately designed to have either differentpressure drop rates while having the same die pressure or withdifferent die pressures while having same pressure drop rate.Experimental results indicated that regardless of the die theeffect of talc on the cell density was more significant at a lowconcentration of CO
Jaejwan Kim , Dong Hak Kim , Younggon Son, May 2008
Capillary extrusion experiments involving a number
of polyethylenes with emphasis on assessing the effect of
long chain branching are performed. None of the
metallocene catalyzed linear low density polyethylenes
(mLLDPE) produced by Dow Chemicals which are
believed to have some level of long chain branching show
temperature dependence on the viscosity at the gross melt
fracture regime. Furthermore these materials do not show
spurt or stick-slip flow in contrast with most linear
polyethylenes. LDPE and blends of LDPE with linear
polyethylenes also show the absence of stick-slip flow but
temperature dependence on the viscosity. From these
observations we conclude that the stick-slip flow is very
sensitive to the existence of long chain branching and the
behavior of the stick-slip flow can be used as an indicator
of LCB.
Jaejwan Kim , Dong Hak Kim , Younggon Son, May 2008
Capillary extrusion experiments involving a number of polyethylenes with emphasis on assessing the effect of long chain branching are performed. None of the metallocene catalyzed linear low density polyethylenes (mLLDPE) produced by Dow Chemicals, which are believed to have some level of long chain branching, show temperature dependence on the viscosity at the gross melt fracture regime. Furthermore, these materials do not show spurt or stick-slip flow, in contrast with most linear polyethylenes. LDPE and blends of LDPE with linear polyethylenes also show the absence of stick-slip flow, but temperature dependence on the viscosity. From these observations, we conclude that the stick-slip flow is very sensitive to the existence of long chain branching, and the behavior of the stick-slip flow can be used as an indicator of LCB.
The compression of the solid resin feed in the
extrusion process increases its density to form the solid
feed plug. Laboratory measurements were made of the
density of the resin feed as a function of stress for PET and
LDPE resins. Also the densities upon release of the stress
were recorded and they showed that PET resin remains
significantly more compressed than does the LDPE resin.
The LDPE resin is more elastic and this difference is
postulated to be a factor in the mechanics of the solid plug
melting and flow stability. Supportive extruder stability
data are cited shown and analyzed.
The compression of the solid resin feed in the extrusion process increases its density to form the solid feed plug. Laboratory measurements were made of the density of the resin feed as a function of stress for PET and LDPE resins. Also, the densities upon release of the stress were recorded, and they showed that PET resin remains significantly more compressed than does the LDPE resin. The LDPE resin is more elastic, and this difference is postulated to be a factor in the mechanics of the solid plug, melting, and flow stability. Supportive extruder stability data are cited, shown, and analyzed.
This paper deals with the simulation of the
plastification unit (extruder) for the injection molding
process. It shows the theory and how the method of
simulation of an extruder for the extrusion process is
modified to cover the effects in injection molding mainly
the facts that the screw stops rotating for a certain time
and it moves backward while rotating and melting the
polymer. To see the quality of the prediction of such a
modified program a set of experiments was performed. A
comparison of the results of these experiments with the
program prediction will be shown. The presentation will
also cover the most important variables to be checked for
achieving good melt delivery performance in the injection
molding process.
This paper deals with the simulation of the plastification unit (extruder) for the injection molding process. It shows the theory and how the method of simulation of an extruder for the extrusion process is modified to cover the effects in injection molding, mainly the facts that the screw stops rotating for a certain time and it moves backward while rotating and melting the polymer. To see the quality of the prediction of such a modified program, a set of experiments was performed. A comparison of the results of these experiments with the program prediction will be shown. The presentation will also cover the most important variables to be checked for achieving good melt delivery performance in the injection molding process.
Valery G. Makarov , Rakhil M. Sinelnikova, May 2008
The long service term of GRP products such as
technological pipes ducts scrubbers etc. is determined
by the chemically resistant layer of multilayered
fiberglass which is in direct contact with the
technological environment. The diffusion of
technological medium into the structure of the GRP leads
to a change in the dielectric properties of the material.
These changes can be used to predict the long service
term of GRP products under the influence of
technological environment. The ability to predict the
residual life period of GRP products and results of the
pipe operation with the partially damage of the chemical
resistant layer under conditions of the sulfuric acid
production are considered.
Valery G. Makarov , Rakhil M. Sinelnikova, May 2008
The long service term of GRP products such as technological pipes, ducts, scrubbers, etc. is determined by the chemically resistant layer of multilayered fiberglass, which is in direct contact with the technological environment. The diffusion of technological medium into the structure of the GRP leads to a change in the dielectric properties of the material. These changes can be used to predict the long service term of GRP products under the influence of technological environment. The ability to predict the residual life period of GRP products and results of the pipe operation with the partially damage of the chemical resistant layer under conditions of the sulfuric acid production are considered.
With growing concern regarding our environmental
impact greater focus has been placed on ways we can
reduce our impact by improving our decisions designs
and processes. The use of injection molding simulation
has been shown to reduce material consumption reduce
production scrap assist in recycling existing materials
create better quality products that have a prolonged life
and reduce energy consumption required during the
manufacturing process. This paper will present the
benefits of an additional measure called an Energy Usage
Indicator that can assist part designers using injection
molding simulation to easily identify the processing
requirements of a polymer material.
With growing concern regarding our environmental impact, greater focus has been placed on ways we can reduce our impact by improving our decisions, designs and processes. The use of injection molding simulation has been shown to reduce material consumption, reduce production scrap, assist in recycling existing materials, create better quality products that have a prolonged life and reduce energy consumption required during the manufacturing process. This paper will present the benefits of an additional measure, called an Energy Usage Indicator, that can assist part designers using injection molding simulation to easily identify the processing requirements of a polymer material.
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Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.