SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
Mechanical Properties Enhancement via Non-Conventional Injection Molding
D.B. Tchalamov, A.M. Cunha, May 2005
This work explores the possibility to expand the limited mechanical properties enhancement margins, typical for conventional injection molding, through the application of non-conventional techniques. The processing-structure-properties relationships encountered in two microstructure control methods (Scorim and Push- Pull) and three two-component techniques (Sandwich molding, Monosandwich molding and Overmolding) are evaluated and discussed.
Terahertz Imaging as a New Tool to Study Dispersion in Polymeric Compounds
F. Rutz, M. Koch, K. Kretschmer, M. Bastian, May 2005
We use terahertz (THz) imaging to study polymeric compounds of polypropylene and the flame retardant agent Mg(OH)2 obtained for different compounding conditions. Our data demonstrate that THz imaging is a powerful tool to evaluate the degree of dispersion in polymeric compounds.
Modeling for Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extrusion
Krzysztof Wilczynski, James L. White, May 2005
Based on our previous experimental studies for polymer behavior in a closely intermeshing counterrotating twin-screw extruder of a modular Leistritz design a composite model for the process is discussed. The model includes solids conveying, melting and melt conveying. Melting model involves both mechanical working of pellets in the inter-screw region and heat transfer from the barrel to the pellets.
Effect of Screw Design on Polyethylene Blown Film Processing
M T Martyn, G D Smith, R Spares, PD Coates, May 2005
The influence of extruder screw design on the extrusion blown film processing characteristics of four polyethylene melts was studied. A barrier and standard compression screw were evaluated and process measurements including; process energy, melt pressure and melt temperature determined. Screw design had significant influence on melt throughput and specific energy.
Effect of Vibration Shear on Polystyrene Cell Morphology
Changyun Gao, Nanqiao Zhou, Xiangfang Peng, Danchao He, Ping Zhang, May 2005
A novel microcellular processing experimental setup is developed. With this setup, an oscillatory shear flow is superimposed perpendicular to a steady shear flow during microcellualr processing. The effects of processing condition such as processing pressure, shear rate and vibration frequency on polystyrene cell morphology are investigated. The results show that the cell density increase and cell size decreases with the increase of processing pressure, shear rate and vibration frequency.
In-Situ Observation of Orientation during Injection Molding with a Delayed Packing Stage
David C. Angstadt, John P. Coulter, May 2005
In-situ, real time monitoring of melt birefringence during injection molding of SAN provides insight into the development of molecular orientation when the packing/holding phase is delayed relative to the fill phase. Observation of melt birefringence is accomplished through the use of a custom-built mold and video imaging. The effects on orientation are similar to those observed using Vibration Assisted Injection Molding (VAIM) and provide a similar increase in the tensile strength of molded ASTM specimens.
Growth through Innovation
Jack Avery, May 2005
Today’s business environment is more challenging than ever. Globalization, outsourcing, consolidation and increasing raw material prices impact our business daily.Innovation takes many paths. In today’s environment, innovation must provide value, which translates into growth. The simplest and in many cases, the most rewarding innovation is achieved by recognizing the synergy between ideas that are not obviously connected.
Describing the Non-Linear Viscoelastic Material Behavior of Thermoplastics
Ernst Schmachtenberg, Thorsten Krumpholz, Marcel Brandt, May 2005
The significance of structural analyses (FEA) for the dimensioning of plastic parts is heavily dependent on the material model used to describe the mechanical behavior. At the Institute of Plastics Processing (IKV) a new nonlinear viscoelastic material description was developed and implemented as a subroutine in the ABAQUS/Standard FEA program. Part tests confirm the high level of simulation quality for loading cases of practical relevance.
Novel Exterior Plasma Coating System Using a Stretch Blow Molding Module
Ernst Schmachtenberg, Andreas Hegenbart, Sebastian Göbel, May 2005
Microwave induced plasma polymerization offers significant barrier improvement for PET bottles. This is essential to extend shelf life of sensitive beverages like beer especially in small bottles. For using the plasma process to coat the exterior of bottles a novel reactor concept is presented which proves to be highly suitable for industrial implementation.
Process-Simulation of Compression Moulding Compounds
Ernst Schmachtenberg, Klaus Skrodolies, Dennis Lippe, May 2005
This paper presents a flow model considering shear- and elongational viscosity as well as wall slipping effects of fibre-reinforced compression moulding compounds (SMC, GMT, LFT). The advantages compared to commonly used models are the improved computation of the pressing force and fibre orientation distribution.
Effect of Rheology and Die Design on Flow Balancing of Profile Extrusion Dies
Khairul Alam, Costas Tzoganakis, John Perdikoulias, May 2005
A major challenge in profile extrusion die design is flow balancing at the die exit as an unbalanced flow causes distortion of the profile. This is especially true for complicated profile dies with uneven thicknesses in certain sections of the die. In this work, we demonstrate the use of a factorial statistical design of numerical experiments to study the effect of geometrical parameters and polymer shear thinning behavior on the optimum flow balancing of a profile die.
Function, Application and Handling of Hot Stamping Foils
Michael W. Dolan, May 2005
Unlike many inks and coatings which can be somewhat “one dimensional”, hot stamping foils have multiple layers that perform different functions within the foil that contribute to a successful imprint or image. What makes this method of hot stamp decoration problematic is that any time one layer is changed it can have a direct affect on the outcome of a decoration. Without getting too technical we are going to address each layer and its contribution to the decoration of a plastic part.
The Effect of Material Selection in Feed-Block Coextrusion of a Three Layer Film
Jiri Vlcek, Walter Kopytko, Martin Zatloukal, Birane Touré, May 2005
This paper describes a case study dealing with the development of a three-layer product on a feedblock coextrusion system. The problems or phenomena that occurred during the product development experiments are explained via flow simulation and the rheological properties of the materials used. The results of the study are compared with real film samples produced during the development
Flow Simulation of Coextrusion Feed-Blocks
John Perdikoulias, Martin Zatloukal, Birane Touré, May 2005
The paper discusses how flow simulation is used to analyze and optimize the design of the coextrusion feedblocks. The results help to explain the reason behind certain design arrangements. A case study of a problem encountered in an actual, three-layer film production will be used to demonstrate how the design of the feed block merge section and the material flow properties, especially the elongational viscosity, can create conditions for the “wave” type interfacial instability.
A Comparative Rheological Study of Isotactic and Syndiotactic Polypropylene Resins with Similar MFI
Leonardo Cortés, Jaime Bonilla, May 2005
A comparative rheological study of four pairs of isotactic and syndiotactic polypropylene resins with similar MFI was conducted. The rheological tests included double bore capillary rheometry, frequency sweeps and creep and recovery compliance. It was found that, for similar MFI, the viscoelastic behavior is significantly different between these two types of resins which suggest that stereoregularity has an important effect on the viscoelastic behavior of polypropylene melts.
Performance of Tocopherols as Antioxidants in ABS
R.M. Suffield, S.H. Dillman, J.E. Haworth, May 2005
Mixed tocopherols, ?-tocopherol, and ?-tocopherol were evaluated for antioxidant performance in ABS using oxidation induction time as the response. Three commonly used phenolic antioxidants and vitamin E (?-tocopherol) were used as controls. Mixed tocopherols were found to have a greater antioxidant effect than the hindered phenolic AOs or vitamin E in ABS. ?-tocopherol was found to be primarily responsible for the improved performance of mixed tocopherols.
The Effect of Shear-Induced Imbalances on the Impact Strength of Injection Molded Impact Bars
Raymond Aufman, Matthew Dugovich, Joseph Busse, May 2005
During the injection molding process, shearinduced imbalances can have a drastic affect on many material properties. Samples of tensile bars were molded using an amorphous and semi-crystalline material at three different injection rates. The tensile bars were then Izod impact tested based on the location of the hot and cold side of the bars. A comparison was made to display the effects of the imbalances. The resulting impact strengths were then graphed accordingly and compared within each subgroup.
Clay Nanocomposites Incorporated into Biodegradable Polymers
Matthew Jackson, May 2005
Nanocomposites based on biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) and mica clay organically modified with L-arginine were prepared through solvent blending. Their properties were analyzed with TGA, DSC, and tensile testing. The addition of the organically modified clay caused an increase in properties, but at large incorporation, properties began to decrease. Samples of 3%, 5% and 10% organically modified clay were compared to pure PCL.
Design of a Containerized Mobile Turnkey Compounding Plant for the Direct Extrusion of PP with Hollow Glass Microspheres
Allan Boye Hansen, Frank Lechner, Michael Hampf, Alfred Kurz, Paul Andersen, May 2005
Interest in transportable modular production plants is on the rise. These containerized solutions combine flexibility with minimal expense for installation and start up. This presentation will highlight the issues surrounding a successful implementation of this concept for an insulated pipe construction used for offshore crude oil transport.
Adaptive GPC Control of Barrel Temperatures in Injection Molding
Ke Yao, Furong Gao, May 2005
Injection molding barrel temperatures have high interaction and slow responses. The classical proportionalintegral-derivative (PID) control has difficulties to control for them accurately. An adaptive multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) generalized predictive control (GPC) scheme is developed, implemented and tested for barrel temperatures control of a reciprocating-screw injection molding machine. Experimental results illustrate GPC superiority over the traditional PID control.
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