SPE Library


The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Conference Proceedings

EFFECT OF NATURAL FIBER SURFACE TREATMENT ON THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAGASSE AND NYLON 11 COMPOSITES
Smith Thitithanasarn, Yew Leong, Kazushi Yamada, Hiroyuki Nishimura, Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2011

In this study, polyamide 11 (PA11) was reinforced with bagasse fiber. These fibers were treated with flexible epoxy for improved thermal resistance. The thermal degradation resistance of the fibers was improved by epoxy treatment although the mechanical properties of the composites were investigated by flexural test and tensile test. The bagasse fibers improve the thermal and mechanical properties of PA11.

MELT AMINATION OF MALEATED POLYPROPYLENE BY REACTIVE EXTRUSION
Shuihan Zhu, Costas Tzoganakis, May 2011

Maleic anhydride (MA) grafted polypropylenes (MAPP) are reacted with aliphatic diamines in a twin-screw extruder. The polymer feed rate (FR), screw speed (SS), and the molar ratio of MA to diamine (MR) are the three main factors considered in a two-level design of experiments (DOE) for the reactions between two MAPPs and two diamines. The residual MA content in the products is used in order to evaluate the effects of the processing parameters. It is found that feed rate has the most pronounced effect on the reaction conversion.

THE USE AND PROPERTIES OF BIO-BASED/BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS IN FOOD PACKAGING
Christopher Thellen, Jo Ann Ratto, May 2011

Food packaging from bio-based and biodegradable polymeric materials is a relevant topic in today's market with a global emphasis toward sustainability. Physical properties of these natural and synthetic polymers, along with biodegradation rates in the marine environment, have been examined and compared to one another. Major food packaging requirements such as gas barrier, moisture sensitivity, mechanical strength, and service temperature are the focus areas for this research.

CREATING HIGHER VALUE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Bruce Story, May 2011

Companies view value from intellectual property in two ways: 1. Value Creation through protecting proprietary technology that sustains growth and higher profit margins and 2. Value Extraction through licensing royalties and IP enforcement awards and settlements To achieve value effectively, IP-savvy companies have learned to create business-aligned IP strategies. The IP strategy must be integral to the business strategy to create maximum value. Intellectual Asset Management processes are used to implement the IP strategy.

HOW GREEN POLYMERS FIT IN YOUR BUSINESS AND WHERE THEY MAY NOT
Roger Jones, May 2011

Green polymers are being brought to market in order to capitalize on a perceived demand from environmentally conscious consumers. Plastics industry processors and users need to know, however, just what are the particular characteristics of different green polymers and which specific end use demands they fulfill? Are they broad-based products or a series of niche specialties? This paper will address the relative characteristics of current green polymers from point of view of end use market needs, and how best to meet these needs, in terms of economics, performance, and utility.

MORPHOLOGY AND FAILURE BEHAVIOR OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE-EXFOLIATED GRAPHENE NANOCOMPOSITES
Sudheer Bandla, Jay Hanan, May 2011

Polyethylene Terephthalate Exfoliated Graphene nanocomposites, of 2%, 5%, 10% and 15% nanoplatelet weight fractions were injection molded. Dispersion studies show that the graphene nanoplatelets were dispersed but not exfoliated in to the PET matrix. An exponential increase in the Young's modulus of the nanocomposites was observed. Break strain decreased with increase in nanoplatelets wt%, because of the voids that evolved during the processing and the interaction between PET and the graphene.

CONTINUOUS POLYMERIZATION USING A TWIN-SCREW COMPOUNDER
Christopher Richards, Paul Rothweiler, John Spevacek, May 2011

Continuously blending materials in a twin-screw compounder is well understood and practiced. Reacting monomers to form polymers, and grafting polymers has been performed, but is not as wide-spread in industry. The same types of reactions which are most-often performed in a batch process can be produced in a continuous process and provide a number of benefits. We will review the types of chemistries that lend themselves to continuous polymerization, the work we have performed, and the perceived benefits.

PERSONAL CARE & BEAUTY PACKAGING COLOR TRENDS FOR 2012/2013
Doreen Becker, May 2011

As we live in interesting times, interesting color trends are a direct reflection of the instabilities, uncertainties and the rapid rate of change in our current world. These new colors for 2012/2013 are almost completely opposite from what we saw last year and reflect the consumer's view as a response. The color trends will be presented as four different seasons and are obtained from an independent source for Americhem who has created and styled color packaging examples and mood boards that capture these trends.

EPOXY POLYMERS TOUGHENED BY SELF-ASSEMBLING BLOCK COPOLYMERS
Ray Pearson, May 2011

In this work we will exam the use of diblock copolymers to toughen a ductile epoxy resin. The advantage of the diblock copolymers is that they are lower in molecular weight and thus reduce the viscosity peanalty often observe when using self-assembling triblock copolymers. Preliminary results suggest that such diblock copolymers are very effective toughening agents at low concentrations. Toughening mechanisms will be revealed using both electron and optical microscopy.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RECYCLED THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE BRIDGES
Jennifer Lynch, Thomas Nosker, May 2011

Reinforced thermoplastic composite lumber (RTCL) sourced from recycled materials is an emerging technology available for heavily loaded infrastructure applications. RTCL materials offer a sustainable alternative and many advantages over traditional construction materials, like wood and steel. Research, development, and experimental projects over the past 15 years, have culminated in several RTCL high load capacity military installations. RTCL advantages and high load capacity infrastructure applications are reviewed in this work.

EPOXY SYNTACTIC FOAMS FOR USE AS PLUG ASSISTS IN HEAVY GAUGE THERMOFORMING
Kathleen Boivin, May 2011

Traditionally, heavy gauge thermoformers have used plugs/pushers made of wood and felt covered wood to improve material distribution and quality of parts. However, newer materials, especially multilayer structures, can be difficult to form with traditional plug/pusher materials. The performance of epoxy syntactic foams as plug assist materials for heavy gauge thermoforming was evaluated and compared to that of wood.

ONLINE ULTRASONIC FILM CASTING OF LLDPE AND LLDPE/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
Setareh Niknezhad, Avraam Isayev, May 2011

One step process for ultrasonic compounding and film casting consisting of an ultrasonic extruder followed by a cast film machine was developed. Cast films of LLDPE and 90/10 LLDPE/Clay 20A nanocomposites were prepared at different draw down ratios and amplitudes using. The die pressure and ultrasonic power consumption were measured. X-ray patterns, thermal, and gas permeability properties of cast films were measured. The mechanical properties of the prepared films in the machine and transverse directions were studied.

RECENT PROCEDURES INTRODUCED TO CHALLENGE PATENT GRANTS AT THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
Beth Filip, Steven Grossman, May 2011

Over the past 30 years, Congress has become increasingly aware of the desire by third parties to participate in post grant review of patents. One of the more recent avenues introduced to address the desire of the public to participate in the patent review process was the institution of inter partes reexamination in 1999. While not initially utilized, inter partes reexamination has emerged as an alternative means for third parties to obtain post grant review of an issued patent.

ADVACEMENTS IN MARKING LASERS
Jake Wieloch, May 2011

Since the turn of the century there have been a number of large advances made in laser technology. To really appreciate the advances, you have to look at the history of lasers. The first laser was produced in 1960. This laser was a ruby laser, which is very similar to the modern day lamp pumped Neodymium YAG (Nd:Yag) laser. It used a ruby crystal optically pumped by flashes of high intensity white light to produce a laser beam. This concept is still used today, 50 years later, in lamp pumped lasers.

ELECTRONICALLY TIMED GEAR PUMPS
Daniel Smith, May 2011

The advent of gear pumps in the extrusion process has added control and stability not available before Extrusion Gear Pumps were introduced. While effective in a wide range of processes, there are some areas that have been problematic because of abrasive and/or corrosive fillers, or because of the corrosive nature of the polymer itself. Recently a new type of control system has been applied that allows electronic adjustment of gear tooth position and modulation of the motor drive frequency to eliminate pulsations.

FLEXIBLE COMPOSITES WITH KNITTED REINFORCEMENTS
Burak Bekisli, Herman Nied, May 2011

Flexible composites formed by reinforcing elastomeric polymers with knitted fabrics are investigated both experimentally and numerically. Performed tests confirm that energy absorption and stretch/forming capabilities of these unique materials are superior, compared to traditional composites. A multi-level, hierarchical finite element methodology to predict the large deformation behavior of these materials is developed. The method provides a powerful design tool which can help optimizing the deformation characteristics of the material by carefully tailoring the knit patterns.

STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CROSSLINKED EVA FOAMS
Ali Rizvi, Nan Chan, Chul B. Park, May 2011

In this paper, the mechanical properties of crosslinked Ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) foams are discussed. An extensive range of mechanical tests with varied conditions were carried out. SEM results revealed the effect of different processing conditions on the foam morphology. The effect of cell density and the foam expansion ratio were then correlated with the mechanical properties of the foam.

CONSEQUENCES OF A HALOGEN-FREE COLOR PALETTE
Roger Reinicker, Tad Finnegan, May 2011

Halogens are key components of many of the organic color compounds used in plastics, providing numerous needed benefits, especially heat stability during processing. Yet, despite the ubiquitous presence of halogens in nature, there have been requests for creating a palette of colors that are halogen-free. This paper will examine color space, looking at the halogen containing colorants and possible suitable alternates. It will attempt to characterize the problems and tradeoffs involved in creating, from existing chemistries, a new core group of halogen-free organic colors.

INFLUENCE OF CROSSLINKING ON THE FOAMING BEHAVIOR OF ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE (EVA) USING CARBON DIOXIDE AS THE PHYSICAL BLOWING AGENT
Nan Chen, Ali Rizvi, May 2011

This paper investigates the foaming behavior of Ethyl-vinyl acetate (EVA). A foaming chamber was designed to prepare foam samples using carbon dioxide as the physical blowing agent. The amount of crosslinking agent used in preparing the crosslinked EVA was correlated with the foam morphology. It was found that an optimum degree of crosslinking lead to high quality EVA foams with high expansion ratios. Extensional viscosity data were measured to describe the observed phenomena.

NEXT GENERATION LOW EMISSION COLORED POLYACETAL COPOLYMER (POM)
Bruce Mulholland, May 2011

Automotive OEMs have increasingly become more interested in monitoring cabin air quality inside the vehicle. This leads to the need for further understanding and testing of emissions from the various materials including plastic parts. Other industries such as cosmetics packaging or medical are also interested in emissions from materials. This paper looks at emissions testing in general, for POM specifically, effects of colorants and other additives on emissions, and formulations that significantly reduce these emissions from the molded part.










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