The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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For special operating conditions and resins, the melting process for single-screw extruders can occur via a very non-traditional mechanism. For this process, melting occurs almost exclusively at the solid bed-melt film interface between the solid bed and the barrel wall. The newly molten material then infiltrates the solid bed such that a melt pool does not form on the pushing side of the channel. This paper describes the mechanism and provides a model for the melting process.
High density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe has been widely used in potable water water applications for several decades. In some locales HDPE pipes have experienced premature failures that have been traced back to a variety of causes. A review of the failure mechanisms observed will be presented along with a forensic analysis of some field failures.
Hans Heim, Tatjana Geminger, Jonas Weber, May 2011
In the automotive industry, the use of plastics in the powertrain is essential for lightweight construction and thus for meeting CO2 emission targets. The present technology of light alloy die-casting used to manufacture transmission housings offers little further savings potential. Additional weight savings can, however, be achieved by using a hybrid process (metal/plastic composite). Various levels of this material hybridisation" will be examined here."
James Sloan, D. Deschepper, Dave Flanagan, May 2011
We evaluate the effect of three different biofuels on the properties of three currently used storage container materials. These consist of two urethane coated fabrics and one nitrile coated fabric. In all of our experiments, standard diesel fuel was used for comparison and the resulting permeation rates were found to be greater than the biofuels evaluated in this study.
A study was performed to determine the effects that three different fan gate designs had in thoroughly packing out an injection molded five-sided box with ribs. Part weight and the identification of sinks and voids on the part will be the means of interpreting the effectiveness of each gate. The materials that were used to conduct the experiment were PC, ABS, POM, and PP.
The effects on mechanical properties of blending different levels by weight of talc, silica, and glass fibers in Liquid Silicone Rubber systems was investigated. Specifically, tensile strength, hardness, elongation, and compression set behavior was measured for unblended resin and each level of additive. A material property characterization was developed from these measurements. It was determined that talc and silica had better dispersion and both modifying and reinforcing effects, while the glass had none
The purpose of this project is to develop hyper-elastic data for various liquid silicone rubbers (LSR). This will include designing a mold and test fixtures for molding and testing various LSRƒ??s. The goal is to collect data for Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) tools. There is generally no published data on tensile, compression, dynamic shear or biaxial strength to be used in CAE software at this time. After verifying the collected data with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software, the results are as followed.
In this paper, the injection-compression molding process for thermoplastic materials is analyzed using a three dimensional simulation program. Injection-compression process is often used to produce parts with relatively small warpage at a low clamp force. An example case will be used to test the program. The program can be used to compare regular injection molded parts and injection-compression molded parts in terms of injection pressure, clamp force and dimensional stability.
A rotary tool technology was developed in order to reduce the cycle time of the RHCM process. The equipment consists of a hot molding cavity, a rotary plate with two cores conditioned at the standard processing temperature and a cold dummy cavity. The polymer is injected between the hot cavity and the core in the first station. Then the mold is opened and the part is trasfered to the second station. The mold is closed and the part is packed and cooled by the cold cavity. To test the proposed technology, a rotary mold for a TV frame was realized.
The tensile behavior of functionally graded (FG) foam plates were studied in this work. In order to analyze the mechanical properties of the samples, a finite-element method was used. The plate was divided into an arbitrary number of homogenous plates with perfect bonding throughout thickness. Then, the numerical analysis was used to describe the tensile properties of FG foams. The results show very good agreement with experimental data.
In this work, novel generalized Newtonian law (in which viscosity is given by the specific function of three principal invariants of the deformation rate tensor and its absolute value) has been proposed and tested. It has been found that the proposed model provides correct behavior in steady shear and uniaxial/planar/equibiaxial extensional viscosities for polymer melts.
Smith Thitithanasarn, Yew Leong, Kazushi Yamada, Hiroyuki Nishimura, Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2011
In this study, polyamide 11 (PA11) was reinforced with bagasse fiber. These fibers were treated with flexible epoxy for improved thermal resistance. The thermal degradation resistance of the fibers was improved by epoxy treatment although the mechanical properties of the composites were investigated by flexural test and tensile test. The bagasse fibers improve the thermal and mechanical properties of PA11.
Maleic anhydride (MA) grafted polypropylenes (MAPP) are reacted with aliphatic diamines in a twin-screw extruder. The polymer feed rate (FR), screw speed (SS), and the molar ratio of MA to diamine (MR) are the three main factors considered in a two-level design of experiments (DOE) for the reactions between two MAPPs and two diamines. The residual MA content in the products is used in order to evaluate the effects of the processing parameters. It is found that feed rate has the most pronounced effect on the reaction conversion.
Food packaging from bio-based and biodegradable polymeric materials is a relevant topic in today's market with a global emphasis toward sustainability. Physical properties of these natural and synthetic polymers, along with biodegradation rates in the marine environment, have been examined and compared to one another. Major food packaging requirements such as gas barrier, moisture sensitivity, mechanical strength, and service temperature are the focus areas for this research.
Companies view value from intellectual property in two ways: 1. Value Creation through protecting proprietary technology that sustains growth and higher profit margins and 2. Value Extraction through licensing royalties and IP enforcement awards and settlements To achieve value effectively, IP-savvy companies have learned to create business-aligned IP strategies. The IP strategy must be integral to the business strategy to create maximum value. Intellectual Asset Management processes are used to implement the IP strategy.
Polyethylene Terephthalate Exfoliated Graphene nanocomposites, of 2%, 5%, 10% and 15% nanoplatelet weight fractions were injection molded. Dispersion studies show that the graphene nanoplatelets were dispersed but not exfoliated in to the PET matrix. An exponential increase in the Young's modulus of the nanocomposites was observed. Break strain decreased with increase in nanoplatelets wt%, because of the voids that evolved during the processing and the interaction between PET and the graphene.
Christopher Richards, Paul Rothweiler, John Spevacek, May 2011
Continuously blending materials in a twin-screw compounder is well understood and practiced. Reacting monomers to form polymers, and grafting polymers has been performed, but is not as wide-spread in industry. The same types of reactions which are most-often performed in a batch process can be produced in a continuous process and provide a number of benefits. We will review the types of chemistries that lend themselves to continuous polymerization, the work we have performed, and the perceived benefits.
As we live in interesting times, interesting color trends are a direct reflection of the instabilities, uncertainties and the rapid rate of change in our current world. These new colors for 2012/2013 are almost completely opposite from what we saw last year and reflect the consumer's view as a response. The color trends will be presented as four different seasons and are obtained from an independent source for Americhem who has created and styled color packaging examples and mood boards that capture these trends.
In this work we will exam the use of diblock copolymers to toughen a ductile epoxy resin. The advantage of the diblock copolymers is that they are lower in molecular weight and thus reduce the viscosity peanalty often observe when using self-assembling triblock copolymers. Preliminary results suggest that such diblock copolymers are very effective toughening agents at low concentrations. Toughening mechanisms will be revealed using both electron and optical microscopy.
Reinforced thermoplastic composite lumber (RTCL) sourced from recycled materials is an emerging technology available for heavily loaded infrastructure applications. RTCL materials offer a sustainable alternative and many advantages over traditional construction materials, like wood and steel. Research, development, and experimental projects over the past 15 years, have culminated in several RTCL high load capacity military installations. RTCL advantages and high load capacity infrastructure applications are reviewed in this work.
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Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
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