SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
ONLINE ULTRASONIC FILM CASTING OF LLDPE AND LLDPE/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
One step process for ultrasonic compounding and film casting consisting of an ultrasonic extruder followed by a cast film machine was developed. Cast films of LLDPE and 90/10 LLDPE/Clay 20A nanocomposites were prepared at different draw down ratios and amplitudes using. The die pressure and ultrasonic power consumption were measured. X-ray patterns, thermal, and gas permeability properties of cast films were measured. The mechanical properties of the prepared films in the machine and transverse directions were studied.
RECENT PROCEDURES INTRODUCED TO CHALLENGE PATENT GRANTS AT THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
Over the past 30 years, Congress has become increasingly aware of the desire by third parties to participate in post grant review of patents. One of the more recent avenues introduced to address the desire of the public to participate in the patent review process was the institution of inter partes reexamination in 1999. While not initially utilized, inter partes reexamination has emerged as an alternative means for third parties to obtain post grant review of an issued patent.
ADVACEMENTS IN MARKING LASERS
Since the turn of the century there have been a number of large advances made in laser technology. To really appreciate the advances, you have to look at the history of lasers. The first laser was produced in 1960. This laser was a ruby laser, which is very similar to the modern day lamp pumped Neodymium YAG (Nd:Yag) laser. It used a ruby crystal optically pumped by flashes of high intensity white light to produce a laser beam. This concept is still used today, 50 years later, in lamp pumped lasers.
ELECTRONICALLY TIMED GEAR PUMPS
The advent of gear pumps in the extrusion process has added control and stability not available before Extrusion Gear Pumps were introduced. While effective in a wide range of processes, there are some areas that have been problematic because of abrasive and/or corrosive fillers, or because of the corrosive nature of the polymer itself. Recently a new type of control system has been applied that allows electronic adjustment of gear tooth position and modulation of the motor drive frequency to eliminate pulsations.
FLEXIBLE COMPOSITES WITH KNITTED REINFORCEMENTS
Flexible composites formed by reinforcing elastomeric polymers with knitted fabrics are investigated both experimentally and numerically. Performed tests confirm that energy absorption and stretch/forming capabilities of these unique materials are superior, compared to traditional composites. A multi-level, hierarchical finite element methodology to predict the large deformation behavior of these materials is developed. The method provides a powerful design tool which can help optimizing the deformation characteristics of the material by carefully tailoring the knit patterns.
STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CROSSLINKED EVA FOAMS
In this paper, the mechanical properties of crosslinked Ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) foams are discussed. An extensive range of mechanical tests with varied conditions were carried out. SEM results revealed the effect of different processing conditions on the foam morphology. The effect of cell density and the foam expansion ratio were then correlated with the mechanical properties of the foam.
THE EFFECT OF SURFACTANT ON THE FOAMING OF POLYSTYRENE
This paper presents an experimental study on the foaming of polystyrene in a batch-foaming apparatus under three control factors: surfactant content, temperature, and saturation pressure. A one-way ANOVA test was conducted to identify the significance of each factor on cellular properties of the foam specimens. Results showed that the surfactant content and saturation pressure possessed contributions onto the cell density of foams, whereas the temperature and saturation pressure posed noticeable influence on the expansion ratio of foams.
TRITICALE STARCH BASED BIOPLASTICS
Triticale is being developed and aimed as an industrial crop and biorefinery feedstock for the Canadian manufacturing industry within the CTBI networking. In this paper the potential of triticale starch for the TPS/polymer blend fabrication was explored in terms of the starch morphology, crystallization structure, and the TPS (thermoplastic starch) rheology properties. The possibility of using triticale to make 100% biobased blown film was investigated using a small lab-scale film blown line. Film thickness of 25 um was obtained successfully for the triticale starch based PLA/TPS blends.
RESIDENCE STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS IN TWIN SCREW EXTRUDERS
An experiment has been created to directly relate the stress distribution history (RSD) with the Residence distribution. Stress beads are used to determine the percentage of material that experiences a certain amount of stress at each location on the residence distribution. This experiment directly relates stress data as a function of the residence distribution and will be recorded for a range of specific throughputs. A comparison of a mixing section comprised of narrow versus wide kneading blocks is performed to demonstrate the power of the approach.
PREPARATION OF FLAME-RETARDANT POLYOLEFIN FOAM USING A PHOSPHOROUS COMPOUND
Highly expanded polyolefin foam was made flame-retardant with the use of an environmentally friendly phosphorous flame retardant. An aqueous solution of a derivative of carboxylic acid of phenylphosphonic acid was externally applied to already-made partially-open-celled foam to achieve desired flame-retardant foam. An effective flame retardant level as low as 0.1 pars per one hundred parts of resin provided self-extinguishing foam. The compound could also be directly fed in the extrusion process. This finding opens an avenue to achieving a low-cost thermal insulation material from polypropylene.
CONSEQUENCES OF A HALOGEN-FREE COLOR PALETTE
Halogens are key components of many of the organic color compounds used in plastics, providing numerous needed benefits, especially heat stability during processing. Yet, despite the ubiquitous presence of halogens in nature, there have been requests for creating a palette of colors that are halogen-free. This paper will examine color space, looking at the halogen containing colorants and possible suitable alternates. It will attempt to characterize the problems and tradeoffs involved in creating, from existing chemistries, a new core group of halogen-free organic colors.
INFLUENCE OF CROSSLINKING ON THE FOAMING BEHAVIOR OF ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE (EVA) USING CARBON DIOXIDE AS THE PHYSICAL BLOWING AGENT
This paper investigates the foaming behavior of Ethyl-vinyl acetate (EVA). A foaming chamber was designed to prepare foam samples using carbon dioxide as the physical blowing agent. The amount of crosslinking agent used in preparing the crosslinked EVA was correlated with the foam morphology. It was found that an optimum degree of crosslinking lead to high quality EVA foams with high expansion ratios. Extensional viscosity data were measured to describe the observed phenomena.
NEXT GENERATION LOW EMISSION COLORED POLYACETAL COPOLYMER (POM)
Automotive OEMs have increasingly become more interested in monitoring cabin air quality inside the vehicle. This leads to the need for further understanding and testing of emissions from the various materials including plastic parts. Other industries such as cosmetics packaging or medical are also interested in emissions from materials. This paper looks at emissions testing in general, for POM specifically, effects of colorants and other additives on emissions, and formulations that significantly reduce these emissions from the molded part.
DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR AND THERMOMECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF BaTiO3-EPOXY COMPOSITES
Dielectric, mechanical and thermal properties of BaTiO3 reinforced epoxy composites as a function of the filler size and concentration are studied. The effect of the filler dispersion method is also examined. In addition the properties of the BaTiO3/epoxy composites are compared to the properties of carbon reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. The carbon fillers used are carbon black, vapor grown carbon fibers and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets. Finally, the synergy among the various fillers is also investigated.
WEATHERABILITY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OPAQUE LEXAN* SLX1432 RESIN FOR INJECION MOLDING AND CAPLAYER APPLICATIONS
Lexan* SLX1432 resin, based on resorcinol phthalates, has excellent weatherability and polycarbonate-like physical properties. The unique weatherability of these resins comes as a result of a photogenerated UV absorber (UVA) on the surface of a part. These resins have excellent colorability, gloss and property retention making them useful in a wide variety of outdoor injection molding and cap-layer applications.
SYSTEMIZED APPROACH TO CAP TOOLING
Optimized cap design matched with standard tooling will be described along with the benefits of off-the-shelf coring components. Instead of the component being a slave to the part design, it's an improved plastic part design that carries with it benefits over previous part designs and the corresponding core and component.
IN SITU OBSERVATION OF POLYSTYRENE FOAMING PROCESSES WITH CARBON DIOXIDE-NITROGEN GAS BLENDS
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) are environmental-friendly blowing agents, but they pose various technical challenges to plastic foaming industries in producing high quality foams with uniform cell morphologies. Previous studies demonstrated improved foam morphologies when CO2/N2 blends were used, but the fundamental mechanisms of such foaming processes are not thoroughly understood. This study examines the foaming behavior of polystyrene (PS) blown with CO2/N2 blends by observing their foaming processes in situ.
INFLUENCE OF CROSSLINKING ON THE FOAMING BEHAVIOR OF ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE (EVA) USING CARBON DIOXIDE AS THE PHYSICAL BLOWING AGENT
This paper investigates the foaming behavior of Ethyl-vinyl acetate (EVA). A foaming chamber was designed to prepare foam samples using carbon dioxide as the physical blowing agent. The amount of crosslinking agent used in preparing the crosslinked EVA was correlated with the foam morphology. It was found that an optimum degree of crosslinking lead to high quality EVA foams with high expansion ratios. Extensional viscosity data were measured to describe the observed phenomena.
SECOND GENERATION BIO-FOAMS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
The use of seed oils derived polyols in high end polyurethane applications has been limited in the past by the reduced compatibility and reactivity.
Flexible foams with up to 25 % substitution of the petroleum-based polyols with renewable component were produced and characterized, based on a new generation of plant oil based polyol. The technology brings significant enhancement in foam elastic properties and improved processing characteristics, allowing for a potentially higher penetration in automotive seating applications.
BIMODAL POLYSTYRENE/PARTICLE FOAM BY EXTRUSION FOAMING
Extrusion foaming using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as the blowing agent is an economically and environmentally benign process. However, it is difficult to control the foam density and maintain the thermal insulation performance. In this study, the extrusion foaming process of bimodal polystyrene foams was investigated by using CO2 as the blowing agent and water as the co-blowing agent. Compared to the extruded foam without water as co-blowing agent, the bimodal foams exhibit better thermal insulation property and compressive performance.
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