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The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Conference Proceedings

EFFECT OF MOLECULAR ORIENTATION INDUCED BY ULTRA-HIGH INJECTION SPEED ON SCRATCH BEHAVIOR OF POLYPROPYLENE (PP)
Peming Hsu, Jui-Pin Yang, Shyh-shin Hwang, Ying-Zhong Lai, May 2010

A linearly increasing load scratch test based on ISO 19252 was performed to study scratch behavior of injection molded polypropylene (PP) at different injection speeds of 10, 100, and 1000 mm/sec. The results showed that higher injection speed led to higher scratch resistance. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) results showed that high injection speed induced higher crystalline orientation near the surface. It was found that highly oriented polymer chains caused higher scratch resistance.

THERMO-MECHANICAL STUDIES OF DOUBLE NETWORK ELASTOMERIC SYSTEM
Naveen K. Singh , Alan Lesser, May 2010

A new approach to prepare and characterize double network elastomeric system is investigated. A styrene-ethylene-co-butylene-styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer system containing physical crosslinks is used to achieve a double network additional crosslinking using ultra-violet (UV) light. Results from conventional monotonic tensile tests and thermo-mechanical properties are presented.

STUDY ON DISPERSIBILITY OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN CHITOSAN COMPOSITES
Yeong-Tarng Shieh , Hong-Mao Wu, May 2010

The dispersibility of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in water of different pH and in aqueous chitosan (CS) solution acidified with different acids were investigated. The untreated CNT could not disperse in water of 1 ? pH < 13 whereas the acid-treated CNT could well disperse in this range except the pH ? 3. CS was soluble in water of pH ? 3. This paper presents an investigation on the dispersibility of CNT in CS in aqueous solutions and in composite films.

STUDY ON DISPERSIBILITY OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN CHITOSAN COMPOSITES
Yeong-Tarng Shieh , Hong-Mao Wu, May 2010

The dispersibility of carbon nanotubes (CNT) inwater of different pH and in aqueous chitosan (CS)solution acidified with different acids were investigated.The untreated CNT could not disperse in water of 1 ' pH< 13 whereas the acid-treated CNT could well disperse inthis range except the pH ' 3. CS was soluble in water ofpH ' 3. This paper presents an investigation on thedispersibility of CNT in CS in aqueous solutions and incomposite films.

SILOXANE-POLYETHERIMIDE BLOCK COPOLYMERS
Yashpal J. Bhandari , Gurulingamurthy Haralur , Peter Catsman, May 2010

A New High Heat SILTEM?? polyetherimidesiloxane block copolymer with Tg of ~202 oC is developed. It is an amophous melt processable polymer along with low flexural modulus. These polymers form transparent miscible blends with existing polyetherimidesiloxane polymer across all compositions resulting in a wider range of properties a enabling use in a gamut of applications

HOW NUCLEATED MMW HDPE RESINS INFLUENCE BARRIER FILM STRUCTURE DESIGN
Jonathan Jeffery Stanger, Nick Tucker, Nigel Larsen, Mark Staiger, Roger Reeves, May 2010

This paper describes a film structure study involving nucleated medium molecular weight high density polyethylene (MMW HDPE) materials that enhance film properties. Using these new nucleated MMW HDPEs, several film structures have been designed to improve moisture barrier, oxygen barrier, toughness and cost, as well as reduce the environmental footprint by downgauging existing film structures. The films in this study use a variety of polyethylene materials commonly used in the film converting industry.

MORPHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS IN POLYCAPROLACTONE/THERMOPLASTIC STARCH BLENDS
Mariajosé Pineda Manzano, Joel Bohórquez, May 2010

The coalescence, continuity development, dynamic and static mechanical properties, as well as interfacial interactions, were studied for polycaprolactone/thermoplastic starch blends. These materials, prepared by a one-step extrusion process, demonstrate the features of a highly interacting system and the tensile mechanical properties demonstrate exceptional ductility at very high levels of thermoplastic starch without any added interfacial modifier.

PET/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES BY MELT COMPOUNDING
Ghasemi Hesam , Carreau Pierre J. , Kamal Musa R, May 2010

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanocomposites were prepared via melt compounding of PET and different levels of organomodified silicate layers. Cloisite 30B and thermally stable phosphonium modified montmorillonite were mixed with PET, using an internal mixer or a twin screw extruder. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to evaluate the effects of composition and processing conditions on the quality of the nanocomposites.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND ROLL PRESSING ON THE PROPERTIES OF IPP SHEETS
David Kazmer, , Stephen Johnston, Darin VanDerwalker, May 2010

By using a processing of gas-cooling and roll pressing (GCRP), the temperature, strain and stress of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) sheets can be controlled and both ?ý-modification and ?ñ-modification can be found in the sheets. The tensile strength of sheet in longitudinal direction increased by 14.1% at most, tensile modulus 14.2%, flexural strength 50.3% and impact strength 22.2%. Therefore the strength and toughness of iPP can be increased simultaneously by GCRP.

A HISTORY OF COPOLYESTER DEVELOPMENT AT EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
Eric Moskala, May 2010

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) first appeared in beverage containers in the early 1970’s. It provided a combination of clarity toughness and barrier properties all at a reasonable cost. Over the last several decades Eastman Chemical Company has developed numerous commercially successful families of copolyesters derived from basic PET technology. This paper will present an overview of these developments starting with PET and culminating with the recent commercialization of Eastman Tritan™ Copolyesters.

A HISTORY OF COPOLYESTER DEVELOPMENT AT EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
Eric Moskala, May 2010

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) first appeared in beverage containers in the early 1970's. It provided a combination of clarity, toughness, and barrier properties, all at a reasonable cost. Over the last several decades, Eastman Chemical Company has developed numerous commercially successful families of copolyesters derived from basic PET technology. This paper will present an overview of these developments starting with PET and culminating with the recent commercialization of Eastman Tritan' Copolyesters.

IMPROVING THE FEEDING ZONE OF SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDERS AT HIGH ROTATION SPEED BY USING THE DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD
Yashpal J. Bhandari, Robert R. Gallucci, Mark Sanner, Rajendra K. Singh, May 2010

Increasing screw speed is a possible approach to improve the performance of a single screw extruder but it challenges the processing technology and the material processed. Apart from difficult melting, the feeding of the screw with granules is complicated. This results in partially filled screw channels. In the following, the resin transfer depending on the screw speed is investigated and analyzed by means of the simulation program EDEM, which is based on the Discrete Element Method.

THE APPLICATIONS OF MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL METHODS IN INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS MONITORING
Anshuman Shrivastava, Jeffrey Weinzweig, Stephen McCarthy, May 2010

In recent years, a series of multivariate statistical methods have been developed for batch process modeling and online monitoring, which take important batch process characteristics into consideration, such as, multiphase, batch dynamics and so on. As a typical batch process, injection molding is a suitable object to employ these methods. In this paper, the potential applications of these methods in industry are shown by monitoring and fault diagnosis results of the injection molding process.

MELT COMPOUNDING OF POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ORGANOCLAYS
Heinz G. Gross, May 2010

PET-clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding using several organoclays. A new approach was used to overcome some of the problems associated with the thermal degradation of ammonium surfactants during melt processing at high temperature. The dispersion and performance characteristics of the new nanocomposite systems are compared to those obtained for systems employing ammonium or phosphonium surfactants.

ANALYSIS OF THERMOPLASTIC PROPERTIES AFTER CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND NORMALIZATION
Dean Q. Lewis , Martin J. Dropik , David Tullai , Benjamin Dibble ,, May 2010

This study investigates tensile and impact property changes of polymers after cryogenic treatment and normalization to room temperature. Amorphous and crystalline specimens are subjected to multiple durations and cooling rates then reviewed for statistically significant shifts in properties. Statistical analysis of standard materials testing results show that the modulus of semi-crystalline materials tended to decrease after treatment and the ductility of HDPE and HIPS increased.

ANALYSIS OF THERMOPLASTIC PROPERTIES AFTER CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND NORMALIZATION
Dean Q. Lewis , Martin J. Dropik , David Tullai , Benjamin Dibble, May 2010

This study investigates tensile and impact property changes of polymers after cryogenic treatment and normalization to room temperature. Amorphous and crystalline specimens are subjected to multiple durations and cooling rates, then reviewed for statistically significant shifts in properties. Statistical analysis of standard materials testing results show that the modulus of semi-crystalline materials tended to decrease after treatment and the ductility of HDPE and HIPS increased.

FAILURE OF HUMAN BIOPOLYMERS
Myer Ezrin, May 2010

This paper looks at similarities and differences in chemical composition and in failure of synthetic polymers and human biopolymers. The 2 types share susceptibility to damage from free radicals, oxygen, UV and xray radiation, heat and stress. Biopolymers undergo changes in composition and structure by reaction with free radicals and by reaction of sugars with proteins, adversely affecting normal functioning.

PREDICTION OF GAP BRIDGING IN LASER TRANSMISSION WELDING OF AMORPHOUS POLYMERS
M. Chen , G. Zak , P.J. Bates, May 2010

Gaps between joining partners can lead to defects in laser transmission welding of polymers. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of gap bridging during the laser transmission welding of polycarbonate. The model predicts the maximum allowable gap and maximum temperature as a function of carbon black level laser power and laser scan speed. The predictions agree with the experimental data. The model can help optimize material and process parameters for gap bridging in high speed contour welding of polymers.

CHARACTERIZE POLYURATHANE ACRYLATE BY HYPERDSC
A. Ambekar, N. Pardhy, Y.S. Negi, May 2010

Polyurethane acrylate can be cured by UV. There are two glass transiton temperatures due to the phase separated structure. After crosslinking, the glass transition temperature will be changed depending on the curing degree. Traditionally DSC is used to study the glass transition temperature. However in this case, the Tg is very weak so that conventional DSC can not detect the Tg easily. Now with the advance of fast scan DSC technology, the Tg of polyurethane acrylate can be readily detected at 200 ??C/min. Thus fast scan DSC can be used as a quality control tool for curing.

THERMAL AGEING OF CROSSLINKED ETHYLENE-VINYL SILANE COPOLYMERS
Miroslav Pastorek , Roman ?ermák , Jana Navrátilová , Martin Obadal, May 2010

This paper investigates the behavior and property evolution of silane crosslinked polyethylene upon thermal ageing. The work is focused mainly on morphological mechanical property and chemical changes in crosslinked and subsequently aged material. The changes in polymer were followed by differential scanning calorimetry infrared spectroscopy and standard tensile testing.










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