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The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Conference Proceedings

NEW ENVIRONMENTALLY PROGRESSIVE POLYESTER FR RESINS
Rama Konduri , Chris van der Weele, May 2010

New family of ENH flame retardant PBT (polybutylene terephthalate) thermoplastic polyester resins developed is aimed at helping electrical/electronics (E/E) manufacturers and suppliers comply with regulations restricting use and disposal of hazardous substances. The non-chlorinated non-brominated resin based on PBT delivers good ductility and strength than other nonhalogen flame-retardant PBT materials as well as electrical properties of standard flame-retardant PBT materials. Some of the resin properties will be discussed in this publication.

FATIGUE TO CREEP PREDICTION IN BIMODAL POLYETHYLENE
Z. Zhu, J. Wang, J.W.S. Lee, Christian B. Park, May 2010

This paper describes the numerical analysis of cell growth during the filling and post-filling stages in injection foam molding. The pressure change with regard to a Lagrangian framework, as well as temperature distribution, was calculated using the Finite Element Method. The foaming initiation line was predicted by utilizing the solubility of the blowing agent in polymer. Individual bubble growth during the filling and post-filling stages was simulated using the Cell Model. Furthermore, cell trajectory during the filling stage was tracked.

INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY APPLIED TO THE TENSILE TESTING OF PLASTICS
Moiz Jafferji, Daniel F. Schmidt, Emmanuelle Reynaud, May 2010

In this study, polypropylene tensile bars were tested at rates of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mm/min while monitoring their heat output using an infrared video camera. Stress-strain-temperature curves and plots correlating mechanical work with heat output were then generated. The results demonstrate that changes in deformation behavior may be quantified via this approach, providing a new means of relating loading conditions, microstructure and ultimate properties.

THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND QUALITY OF LASER-WELDED JOINTS
Mohammad H. Al-Wohoush , Musa R. Kamal, May 2010

The microstructural characteristics of laser-welded joints of PC PA-6 and PA-6 reinforced with 30% glass fibers were examined using optical and polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of laser power on the tensile strength of the laser-welded joints was examined and discussed in terms of various microstructural aspects. The melt fronts at the contact interface of PA-6 joints were monitored as a function of laser power. Glass fiber re-orientation in the reinforced PA-6 was also examined.

POLYETHYLENE – LAYER DOUBLE HYDROXIDE NANOCOMPOSITES: FLAMMABILITY AND THERMO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Divya Kosuri , Sunny M. Ogbomo , Nandika A. D’Souza, May 2010

Layer Double Hydroxides (LDH) as flame retardants are a growing interest. The quest for non-halogen flame retardants has led to the need to find non-toxic flame retardants for commercial use in polymers. This article reports the thermal and flammability properties of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) incorporated with LDH. The objective of this project is to evaluate the flame retardance of polyethylene. Thermophysical measurements and tensile results are also conducted.

NANOSCALE IR SPECTROSCOPY OF POLYMER SYSTEMS USING AN ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE
Nivedita Sangaj, Amol Mohite, Abhijit Namjoshi, Vijay Mhetar, May 2010

We describe a lab based AFM based IR measurement capability that can obtain local spectra and IR maps over the spectral range of 1000-4000cm-1 with spatial resolution as high as 100nm. We demonstrate this new capability on a polymer multilayer.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN DARK COLORED WINDOWS AND SIDING Part I - THE COMPLEX COMBINATION OF REQUIRED VINYL PROPERTIES
Jian Wang, Marc Mangnus, Wallace Yau, Willem deGroot, Teresa Karjala, Mehmet Demirors, May 2010

Successful dark colored windows and siding require pigmentation for long-term durability and for solar reflection to avoid excessive temperatures, a durable polymer, limits on coefficient of linear thermal expansion to minimize buckling stresses, formulations with excellent initial and retained impact resistance, and a polymer base with sufficient glass transition temperature and buckling resistance to maintain shape at maximum solar heating for several decades of time.

INSERT FILM INJECTION MOLDING TECHNOLOGY FOR AUTOMOTIVE PLASTIC PARTS WITH THE MULTI-CAVITY MOLD SYSTEM
Sunghee Lee , Youngbae Ko , Jongwon Lee, May 2010

As modern users of automotive interior plastic parts demand to enhance higher surface quality and lower manufacturing cost, film insert molding method has been widely applied lately to these injection molded products. In this paper, the integration technique of vacuum thermal forming, insert film injection molding and cavity monitoring processes, which is performed on multi-cavity mold system, is proposed and performed both experimentally and numerically for an automotive plastic part model.

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF NOVEL ORIFICE DIE DESIGN FOR EXTENSIONAL VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS
M. Zatloukal , J. Musil, May 2010

In this work novel patent pending orifice die design for precise extensional viscosity data determination from entrance pressure drop measurements has been developed and tested both theoretically (through Finite Element Analysis) and experimentally. It has been demonstrated that the proposed novel orifice die allows much more precise extensional viscosity measurements for polymer melts in comparison with conventionally used orifice dies.

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF NOVEL ORIFICE DIE DESIGN FOR EXTENSIONAL VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS
M. Zatloukal , J. Musil, May 2010

In this work, novel patent pending orifice die design for precise extensional viscosity data determination from entrance pressure drop measurements has been developed and tested both, theoretically (through Finite Element Analysis) and experimentally. It has been demonstrated that the proposed novel orifice die allows much more precise extensional viscosity measurements for polymer melts in comparison with conventionally used orifice dies.

STUDY INTO THE DENSIFICATION BEHAVIOUR OF POLYETHYLENES FOR ROTATIONAL MOULDING
P.R.W. Hanna , M.P. Kearns , E. Maziers, May 2010

The melting and densification behaviour of a range of Polyethylenes (PEs) produced from 2 different catalysts, Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene types, were investigated using a novel visual data acquisition and analysis system (TP Picture??), developed by Total Petrochemicals Research Feluy. Differences in the dissolution behaviour of the bubbles were observed and correlations with the material density, densification rate, bubble size/ distribution and MFI were determined.

UNDERSTANDING AND QUANTIFICATION OF DIE DROOL PHENOMENON DURING POLYPROPYLENE EXTRUSION PROCESS
M. Zatloukal , W. Sambaer , A. Libotte, May 2010

In this work die build-up phenomenon has been investigated theoretically by using FEM analysis as well as experimentally for polypropylene resins which are commonly used in the biaxial oriented film production. It has been demonstrated that the negative pressure at the die exit region is correable with die drool phenomenon in this case.

UNDERSTANDING AND QUANTIFICATION OF DIE DROOL PHENOMENON DURING POLYPROPYLENE EXTRUSION PROCESS
M. Zatloukal , W. Sambaer , A. Libotte, May 2010

In this work, die build-up phenomenon has been investigated theoretically, by using FEM analysis, as well as experimentally for polypropylene resins which are commonly used in the biaxial oriented film production. It has been demonstrated that the negative pressure at the die exit region is correable with die drool phenomenon in this case.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RAPID CRACK PROPAGATION PERFORMANCE OF POLYETHYLENE PIPES
Mark Lamborn, Ashish Sukhadia, May 2010

Good resistance to Rapid Crack Propagation (RCP) is considered to be important in plastic pipe field performance. However, RCP is a very complex phenomenon that depends on a variety of factors including pipe geometry (diameter and wall thickness) and test conditions (temperature and pressure). We show the effects, from both theoretical and experimental aspects, of these and other variables on RCP performance and share our concerns about some of the current RCP (S4) test practices.

A STUDY OF CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF POLY (3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3- HYDROXYVALERATE)/ZN-AL LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE (LDH) STEARATE NANOCOMPOSITES
Koffi L. Dagnon , Clark Robinson , Hua H. Chen , Nandika A. D’Souza, May 2010

Isothermal crystallization of poly (3-hydroxybutyrateco- 3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/ Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) stearate nanocomposites was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Avrami equation was derived and the parameters were assessed for the nucleation and crystal growth mechanism of PHBV and its nanocomposites. (Ref.8)

A STUDY OF CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF POLY (3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3- HYDROXYVALERATE)/ZN-AL LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE (LDH) STEARATE NANOCOMPOSITES
Koffi L. Dagnon , Clark Robinson , Hua H. Chen , Nandika A. D’Souza, May 2010

Isothermal crystallization of poly (3-hydroxybutyrateco- 3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/ Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) stearate nanocomposites was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Avrami equation was derived and the parameters were assessed for the nucleation and crystal growth mechanism of PHBV and its nanocomposites.

MORPHOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON HDPE/HDPE-G-MA BLENDS
Adam Kramschuster, Lih-Sheng Turng, May 2010

Nanocomposites formed from blends of HDPE and HDPE-g-MA and organoclay were melt processed and analyzed by WAXS and TEM coupled with particle analysis to explore the effect of HDPE-g-MA on extent of exfoliation and mechanical properties. As HDPE-g-MA content increases, the global average particle aspect ratio increases drastically, peaks, and slightly decreases. Relative modulus improves with increased levels of HDPE-g-MA, and then levels off.

MORPHOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON HDPE/HDPE-G-MA BLENDS
Matthew W. Spencer , Lili Cui , Youngjae Yoo , D. R. Paul, May 2010

Nanocomposites formed from blends of HDPE and HDPE-g-MA and organoclay were melt processed and analyzed by WAXS and TEM coupled with particle analysis to explore the effect of HDPE-g-MA on extent of exfoliation and mechanical properties. As HDPE-g-MA content increases the global average particle aspect ratio increases drastically peaks and slightly decreases. Relative modulus improves with increased levels of HDPE-g-MA and then levels off.

THE EFFECT OF SECOND SHOT MATERIAL ON WARPAGE OF MOLDED AND COATED LARGE TWO-COMPONENT
Michael Heinzer, Myoungbae Lee, Rachel VanHouten, Ozma Lane, James E. McGrath, Donald G. Baird, May 2010

Two-component injection compression molding process is the most advanced technology to produce large optical polycarbonate glazing panels. The paper investigates the effects of molding conditions and second shot material on the warpage of finished (coated) parts through a molding trial DOE. The data and results can provide a guideline for a proper part and process design and materials selection to manufacture good quality 2two-component PC panels/glazing with minimum warpage.

PREPARATION OF REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITE VIA SMART PELLET ADDITIVES
Nicole Hoekstra, Edward Lao, May 2010

A commercially available inorganic fiber product Hyperform HPR-803 was introduced into films with both polypropylene (PP) and polysulfone (PSF). These fiber-filled multilayer products were then added to PP resins and injection molded. This methodology allowed for high glass transition temperature PSF to be injection molded at 175oC. The morphology behaviors of the composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties of the composites were investigated by performing tensile, flexural, and impact strength tests.










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