SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
VIBRATION WELDING OF TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLYAMIDE MATERIALS: GLASS FILLED PA6 TO GLASS FILLED PA66
This paper presents experimental results on vibration welding of two different types of PA materials, PA6 and PA66 materials, which exhibit significantly different melting temperatures. Factors affecting the weld strength such as weld bead design and welding process parameters are presented in the paper.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAT-SEALED PART IN ENVIRONMENTFRIENDLY
FILM
Multi-layered laminated films are widely used as
general packaging materials and thermal lamination is
one of the environmentally friendly techniques since it
does not involve solvents during lamination. The heat
exerted during the heat- sealing process however
could affect the lamination strength of these films. In
this study we focused on the relationship between the
results of pinhole test and the properties of heat sealed
parts.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAT-SEALED PART IN ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY FILM
Multi-layered laminated films are widely used as general packaging materials and thermal lamination is one of the environmentally friendly techniques since it does not involve solvents during lamination. The heat exerted during the heat- sealing process, however, could affect the lamination strength of these films. In this study, we focused on the relationship between the results of pinhole test and the properties of heat sealed parts.
EVALUATION OF NATURAL FLAVONOIDS AS CROSSLINKING AGENTS FOR POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
Anthocyanins have been chosen as natural
crosslinking agents for polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).
Tosylation of secondary hydroxyl functionality in PVOH
was carried out with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in the
presence of bases. The structures of the crosslinked PVOH
and the crosslinking mechanism were established from their
1H NMR spectral. Hydroxyl contents in PVOH decreased
due to the crosslinking of tosylated PVOH with
anthocyanin. It was also found that crosslinking of PVOH
by anthocyanin enhanced the mechanical properties of
PVOH film.
LIGHT WEIGHT PET BOTTLES: A SIMULATION STUDY
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used
resin in production of carbonated soft drinks bottles made
by injection stretch blow molding (ISBM) process. Light
weighting of the PET bottles has the potential to reduce
the materials and manufacturing costs. This paper present
a simulation study where performs of reduced weight are
assessed in terms of the process viability and the product
quality.
SIMULATION DRIVEN MEDICAL PACKAGE DEVELOPMENT
The objective of this work is to demonstrate the
concept of “simulation driven package development”. The
concept involves not only simulating the structural
behavior of the medical package (e.g. under top loading)
but also predicting the package material distribution due to
the manufacturing process conditions and tying that to the
structural analysis. The structural analysis will thus take the
more physical and usually non-uniform part material
thickness distribution into consideration. The concept is
highlighted through a case study.
NEW FUNCTIONS OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER BASED SANDWICH INJECTION MOLDINGS
Damping materials such as thermoplastic elastomer
(TPE) usually has very low stiffness and easily
deformable hence they are unsuitable for structural
applications. This paper focuses on using sandwich
injection molding technology to produce parts consisting
PP skin and TPE core to impart high surface rigidity
while maintaining dampening efficiency. Correlation
between skin-core adhesion and flexural and damping
properties of the moldings are discussed.
NEW FUNCTIONS OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER BASED SANDWICH INJECTION MOLDINGS
Damping materials such as thermoplastic elastomer(TPE) usually has very low stiffness and easilydeformable, hence they are unsuitable for structuralapplications. This paper focuses on using sandwichinjection molding technology to produce parts consistingPP skin and TPE core to impart high surface rigiditywhile maintaining dampening efficiency. Correlationbetween skin-core adhesion and flexural and dampingproperties of the moldings are discussed.
MELT MIXED NANOCOMPOSITES OF PA12 WITH CNT: INFLUENCE OF MATRIX PROPERTIES AND THE USE OF HYBRID FILLER SYSTEMS CONTAINING CB
Polyamide 12 (PA12) composites with different Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and Carbon Black (CB) were melt mixed to investigate the influence of the filler materials on the electrical properties and the state of the filler dispersion in the matrix. Additionally, the influence of the matrix (viscosity and end group functionalization) on these properties of the composites was studied. Furthermore, hybrid filler systems with CNT and CB were examined in order to reduce the CNT content necessary for electrical percolation.
DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL PROPERTY CHANGES DUE TO COMBINING FLOW FRONTS
It is a popular belief that when two plastic flow fronts converge, they merge, forming one single parabolic pressure-driven flow front. This is a common misconception; because plastic flow is laminar, these flow fronts should remain separate and maintain two individual parallel parabolic flow fronts. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect on part properties caused by increased orientation due to maintaining parallel flow fronts.
A STUDY OF THE MOLD THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COOLING LINES IN CONVENTIONAL AND RAPID TOOLING
This project examines the thermal differences between conventional and conformal cooling lines.?ÿ Three sets of inserts were built for this study.?ÿ A P20 insert was built and used to compare the other two rapid tooling inserts.?ÿ One rapid tooling insert had the same conventional cooling lines as the P20 insert.?ÿ The other rapid tooling insert had conformal cooling lines.?ÿ Mold temperatures were recorded and compared.?ÿ The conformal inserts had the lowest mold temperatures.
OPTIMAL PIGMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR NEAR INFRARED REFLECTING PIGMENTS
Pigments are basically used to impart color. But the reflection of Near Infrared Radiation (NIR) is a requirement of modern pigments that gains particular importance for a multitude of uses. This paper reports about smart ways to formulate with this class of pigments. The main objective in this context is the enhancement of coloristic and NIR-reflective properties in typical plastics applications.
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMERIC THERMOTROPIC MATERIALS FOR OVERHEATING PROTECTION OF SOLAR COLLECTORS
Within this paper the effect of material formulation on the light-shielding performance of thermotropic glazings for overheating protection purposes is addressed. Specific focus is given to the establishment of relationships between glazing morphology and the light-shielding properties. Some major routes for further research and material optimization are deduced.
(N) IR- ABSORBING CONCENTRATE FOR POLYCARBONATE APPLICATIONS
Organic and inorganic NIR active materials play an
important role in a number of fast growing modern
plastics applications ranging from laser weldable resp.
markable compositions to efficient heat management
systems.
In recent years we introduced a number of new materials
applicable in both transparent and opaque solar energy
management [SEM] applications. In this paper we want to
present concepts on how to use different combinations of
those components in order to create intelligent solutions
for integrated SEM systems for both the construction and
automotive industries.
(N) IR- ABSORBING CONCENTRATE FOR POLYCARBONATE APPLICATIONS
Organic and inorganic NIR active materials play an important role in a number of fast growing modern plastics applications, ranging from laser weldable resp.markable compositions to efficient heat management systems.In recent years we introduced a number of new materials applicable in both transparent and opaque solar energy management [SEM] applications. In this paper we want to present concepts on how to use different combinations of those components in order to create intelligent solutions for integrated SEM systems for both the construction and automotive industries.
3D FEM ANALYSIS OF A WAVE TYPE SCREW CHANNEL
The paper presents an exploratory fundamental study of the polymer flow within a “wave” type screw channel. The analysis is performed on an “unwrapped” form of a conventional screw channel and a “wave” type channel of similar size. A 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation was used to simulate the flow field and flow characteristics of the wave channel are compared relative to the plain channel.
3D FEM ANALYSIS OF A WAVE TYPE SCREW CHANNEL
The paper presents an exploratory, fundamental study of the polymer flow within a wave" type screw channel. The analysis is performed on an "unwrapped" form of a conventional screw channel and a "wave" type channel of similar size. A 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation was used to simulate the flow field and flow characteristics of the wave channel are compared relative to the plain channel."
IMPROVEMENT OF INTRINSIC VISCOSITY OF RECYCLED PET
BY RADIO FREQUENCY HEATING
The improvement of Intrinsic Viscosity of recycled
poly(ethylene terephthalate)(R-PET) pellets by an
industrial radio frequency(RF) heating is described. RPET
pellets are made from post-consumer PET bottles
degraded by hydrolysis during distribution process.
Hence intrinsic viscosity(IV) or molecular weight of RPET
exhibits significant lower compared to virgin PET
caused from cleavages of chains. This study evaluates the
feasibility of RF Heat Treatment to improve the intrinsic
viscosity of the material.
IMPROVEMENT OF INTRINSIC VISCOSITY OF RECYCLED PET BY RADIO FREQUENCY HEATING
The improvement of Intrinsic Viscosity of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)(R-PET) pellets by an industrial radio frequency(RF) heating is described. RPET pellets are made from post-consumer PET bottles, degraded by hydrolysis during distribution process. Hence, intrinsic viscosity(IV) or molecular weight of RPET exhibits significant lower compared to virgin PET, caused from cleavages of chains. This study evaluates the feasibility of RF Heat Treatment to improve the intrinsic viscosity of the material.
IMPROVED DIMENSIONAL STABILITY OF
THERMOFORMED POLYLACTIC ACID ARTICLES
The shrinkage of thermoformed articles of polylactic acid are studied as a function of amount of modifier and dwell time in heated molds. Shrinkage is minimized by longer dwell times. Higher crystallinity causes lower shrinkage. Crystallinity in a thermoformed article dwelling in the heated mold is shown to rise to a higher level that predicted from laboratory tests due to supplemental crystallinity generated in the pre-heat step and forming or stretching step.
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