SPE Library


The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Conference Proceedings

Layout Design of a Platenless Molding Machine
Nirmal Doshi, David Kazmer, May 2004

A layout design of a platenless injection molding machine is developed. The machine design is motivated by economics, energy efficiency, compactness, ease of use, and environmental friendliness. The elimination of traditional platens allows for significant performance improvements as well as flexibility of new injection system and mold designs. This paper establishes theoretical feasibility, but also indicates that the design is most appropriate for clamp tonnages less than 150 tons due to actuator power and mold deflection limitations.

Validation of Flow Simulations for Micromolded Parts
Neha M. Mehta, Carol M.F. Barry, Donna Tully Bibber, Dennis Tully, May 2004

For a micro molded part, the fill patterns predicted by commercial flow simulations were comparable to short shots from molding trials. The fill patterns were significantly affected by the analysis type, particularly the use of three-dimensional flow and heat transfer. Meshing of the models, specifically in the gate region also influenced filling results. While material type affected the fill pattern, molding conditions, including injection rate and melt temperature only determined whether the part would fill.

Influence of Geometric Shape of Void on Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Foam
Akihiko Goto, Kazumi Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2004

We attended to the void evaluation of polyurethane foam materials. Several kinds of foam materials with different foam states were employed. Images of cross section were scanned in the computer. Void feature was extracted as white pixels by binary image. The algorithm of extraction for geometric information of void was examined. The shape and the size of void in the foaming direction were clarified, and the correlation with mechanical properties was associated.

Characterization of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite
W.S. Choi, Sung Hun Ryu, Young Wook Chang, May 2004

Intercalation/exfoliation behavior and mechanical properties of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/monmorillonite nanocomposite are investigated as a function of vinyl acetate content and compatibilizer. XRD and tensile tester are used to characterize the nanocomposites. The results show that intercalation/exfoliation behavior and mechanical properties of nanocomposite are strongly depending on the vinyl acetate content and compatibilizer.

Multiple Percolated Co-Continuous Polymer Blends
Jianhong Zhang, Basil D. Favis, May 2004

In this paper, high-density polyethylene, poly (methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene are blended at a certain composition to form a multiple percolated co-continuous morphology. HDPE and PMMA form a co-continuous structure in which the PS phase layers and forms a sheath structure on the surface of the PMMA. This structure forms spontaneously during melt mixing and is predicted from spreading coefficient theory.

Dynamic Modeling for the Deformation and Breakup of Agglomerates in Polymer Melts
Takashi Moribe, James L. White, May 2004

A dynamic predictive model of the breakup process of agglomerates is developed by taking into consideration the hydrodynamic forces and the particle-particle interaction forces which induce flocculation in polymer melts. The breakup process of coagulated particles is numerically investigated by using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The proposed DEM model we have developed describes the breakup phenomena, such as erosion, rupture, and coalescence, of agglomerates adequately in the various flow fields.

Mechanical Modeling and Surface Characterization of Scratch in Polymers
M. Wong, G.T. Lim, P.R. Rood, A. Moyse, J.N. Reddy, H.J. Sue, May 2004

In this paper, fundamental scratch behavior of polycarbonate (PC) was studied. Scratch tests were performed using a custom-built scratcher with a steel ball tip. Effects of scratch rates and loads on the damage phenomena in PC were investigated. Finite element (FE) modeling was executed to give a better understanding of the scratch deformation on polymers. Correlation between the FE and experimental results will be discussed. Extension of the present research to other polymers, like PMMA and TPO, will be presented.

The Development of High Melt Strength Polypropylene Using the Reactive Extrusion Process
Sang Hyun Park, Sang Min Han, Se Hoon Kim, Jung Soo Kim, May 2004

HMS-PP (High Melt Strength Polypropylene) was produced by using a 50 mm twin-screw extruder. This HMS-PP had a high strainhardening index enough to make stable foam cells and have no gels of cross-linked polypropylene. In this study, we used a mixture of polypropylenes having different MFR (melt flow rate) and a small amount of IPP (iso-propyl peroxydicarbonate) to get a high efficient HMS-PP. In addition to it, this HMS-PP was non-toxic because it was not made with an additional reactive monomer.

The Quaterrylimides - Highly Efficient NIR Absorbers for Plastics
Arno J. Boehm, Alban Glaser, Klaus Muellen, May 2004

A couple of years ago we developed a class of highly efficient organic NIR absorbers based on quaterrylenetetracarboxylic diimides ('quaterrylimides'), which exhibit photo- and thermostabilities at levels hitherto reserved exclusively to inorganic materials. In this paper we want to present models for the explanation of the unique photostability of this class of compounds, as well as recent advances in the synthesis of those materials, and examples for state-of- the-art plastics applications.

Modeling for Compaction of Particulate Materials
Mustafa E. Uygur, May 2004

Compaction of powders has been used in manufacturing of components for a broad range of application. In this paper compaction data for pure particulates and composite mixtures as well as mathematical models are presented. The model could successfully be used not only for metal powders but also for polymer and ceramic powders and/or their composite mixtures in order to predict their compaction behavior as a function of temperature and speed.

A Study of Nano-Titanium Dioxide Dispersed in PBT
Michel Lin, Yi-Fan Wu, Ying-Chih Liao, Ru-Shiang Kang, Yio-Chih Kao, Hsiau-Fu Shen, May 2004

A countercheck of dispersion effect by different types of dispersing agent and different shear stress of screw design has been investigated. Low shear one, not as we originally expected, showed a much more stable head pressure, which is an important parameter to monitor fabric extrusion, than a higher shear screw design. TGA was furthermore applied to confirm the weight loss after every single test.

Effect of Interphase Condition on Mechanical Properties in Polyamide Pre-Impregnated Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composite
Machiko Mizoguchi, Satoko Baba, Hiroyuki Hamada, Weiling Wu, May 2004

In order to improve the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composite, the polyamide pre-impregnated glass fiber is candidate. The pre-impregnated resin distributed near the glass fiber and it would affect both the fiber length in molding and the interfacial properties. Consequently the tensile strength could be improved.

Effect of Gate Design when Molding Thermoplastic Elastomers
Rohan C. Dave, Carol M.F. Barry, May 2004

The depth, width and land length of an edge gate were systematically varied in order to assess guidelines for gates used in injection molding of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). Each gate design was evaluated using several classes of TPEs and a range of processing conditions.

Clay Nanocomposites in a Combustible Molded Material
Shawn J. Osborn, Nicholas G. Peth, May 2004

Flame retardant compounds are commonly used in industry. In this study, clay nanocomposites will be evaluated for their effectiveness to control combustion. The clay nanocomposites will be incorporated into the resin through injection molding. The effectiveness of the different percentage of nanocomposite will be compared using traditional flame retardant evaluation techniques and their ability to control combustion on the outside of the polymer.

The Effects of Pack Velocity on the Injection Molding Process
Michael VanDerKolk, May 2004

With the introduction of electric molding machines and upgraded technology, in molding, an un-developed part of the molding cycle is introduced; this piece of the cycle is known as pack velocity. This study will demonstrate how to set and optimize the pack velocity. The optimization is be evaluated by studying the effects of pack velocity on part weight (density), and part dimensions.

The Effects of a Change in Back Pressure on Polypropylene with Colorant
Stephanie L. Bullard, May 2004

The strength and viscosity of polypropylene is influenced by extreme stress during the injection process. The extreme stress on the material can be altered by changing the backpressure on the machine. The effects of extreme back pressure on polypropylene with colorant will be determined through tensile and impact testing. Numerous material trials will be conducted to prove the change in strengths.

A Perturbation Method to Characterize Reactive Extrusion
Mark D. Wetzel, Donald A. Denelsbeck, Susan L. Latimer, Chi-Kai Shih, May 2004

By means of a novel flow perturbation technique, fundamental details of reactive extrusion systems can be analyzed with respect to the chemical reaction rate, effects of catalyst and extrusion conditions, such as throughput and screw speed. A specialized, high-speed data acquisition system, the “Extrusion Pulse Analysis System” (EPAS) has been developed to enable on-line monitoring and data analysis of the imposed disturbances to provide real time diagnosis of extrusion processes in laboratory and manufacturing applications.

INSITE™ Technology - A Polymer Innovation
Kurt W. Swogger, May 2004

During the 1990’s and into the 2000’s, Dow has developed, launched and grown a family of products based on INSITE™ technology. This technology platform has and continues to spawn many product families because of its flexibility and its many scientific facets. Key to success is the integration of catalyst innovations, material science innovation, process innovation and application development process innovation into a wide range of products for many markets. The technology concept coined molecular architecture" continues to have wide utility and innovation in the marketplace."

Advanced Technologies for PC-ABS Blends
C.P. Bosnyak, L.R. Novak, S.A. Ogoe, H.T. Pham, S.R. Ellebracht, C-I. Kao, May 2004

Polycarbonate (PC)-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS) blends continue to be improved to meet increased demands for reduced fabrication cycle time and balance of stiffness, toughness and heat resistance in markets such as automotive. This paper will address the science and technologies required for these blends to maintain their competitiveness and their growth in a global market-place.

EAA Copolymer Coated Metals for Cable Applications
Ken Bow, May 2004

The invention that led to the innovation was the synthesis of a random copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid (EAA). It was discovered that this copolymer would adhere to metals. The innovation was the commercialization of Zetabon coated metals based on EAA coatings on aluminum or steel for cable shielding and armoring applications. The innovation became the enabling technology for a cable sheath design known as the bonded sheath, or laminate sheath, that is now the global standard for telecommunications cable.










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