SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
Two-Dimensional Slip-Flow Model of Rotational Molding
K.K. Lim, A. Ianakiev, May 2004
A new slip-flow model is developed to simplify and to overcome the current numerical difficulties of two-dimensional rotomolding model in predicting the internal air temperature inside the mold during the rotomolding process. The lumped-parameter system and coincident node technique have been incorporated with the Galerkin finite element method to address these rotomolding problems. This proposed methodology allows macroscopic multi-layered deposition" of heating polymer powder onto the mold surface in order to account for the complex thermal interactions between the internal air and its surroundings (mold and polymer). A semi-implicit method is applied to deal with the overall internal air temperature inside the mold. The predicted results agree with the available experimental data for rotomolded parts of cross sectional thicknesses up to 12 mm."
Numerical Studies of the Phase Change and Warpage under Various Process Conditions for Rotational Molding
K.K. Lim, A. Ianakiev, May 2004
The analysis of heat transfer in the rotational molding (rotomolding) process is a non-linear multi-dimensional problem. Using the two-dimensional (2-D) model from Lim and Ianakiev the proposed phase-change algorithm, warpage formation, thermal distribution in the warped part, cycle time prediction and other key thermal properties have been investigated. The phase-change algorithm has decreased the computational non-linearity, while maintaining the level of accuracy. Additional useful observations and predictions are also presented from the warpage simulations.
Computer Simulation of the Effect of Coefficient of Friction in Plug Assist Thermoforming
Akash Tulsian, Joey Mead, Stephen Orroth, Noel Tessier, May 2004
In plug assist thermoforming, surface friction strongly affects the final part thickness distribution. This work investigates the effect of plug material, plug temperature, and sheet temperature on coefficient of friction between the plug and sheet. Three different plug materials (epoxy syntactic, engineering thermoplastic nonsyntactic and engineering thermoplastic syntactic) with a range of friction coefficients were investigated for thermoforming polypropylene sheet. The coefficient of friction was assessed using simulation software (T-SIM®). Coefficient of friction values were varied in the simulation software until the thickness distribution predicted by simulation was similar to that obtained experimentally.
Development of a Measurement Technique for Tailored Material Characterization and Validation of Thermoforming Simulation
Bernhard Hegemann, David Liebing, Peter Eyerer, May 2004
For thermoforming simulation a measurement technique was developed to enable material characterization. A holistic approach was chosen to measure material parameters and the coefficient of friction. An improved “reverse-engineering” algorithm generates the material data.This paper explains the measurement devices and emphasizes the importance of the coefficient of friction. While static and dynamic friction occur in the thermoforming process, for simulation a “mixed” coefficient is used. As an example PET and ABS are investigated.
A Unified Approach of Modeling Polypropylene for Thin-Gauge Solid-Phase Thermoforming Applications
K.Y. Tshai, E.M.A. Harkin-Jones, P.J. Martin, G. Menary, May 2004
A new approach has been developed for modeling hot-drawing of semi-crystalline polypropylene (PP) under conditions similar to industrial thermoforming. The proposed model encompassed components derived from a combination of concepts including Buckley et. al. [i], DSGZ [ii], G'Sell-Jonas [iii], theory of linear elasticity and multi-dimensional stresses based on a biaxiality ratio. The resulting constitutive model precisely describes the yield, strain softening followed by flow and hardening observed in hot-drawing of polypropylene.
Optimization of Acrylic Capped ABS Coextruded Systems for Sheet Applications
H. Reid Banyay, Tim Pope, May 2004
There is a need for high quality, high gloss, scratch resistant, weatherable Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) sheet for exterior applications. This sheet can be obtained by co-extruding a thin capstock layer of a weather resistant and weather protective acrylic resin over an ABS substrate. This paper discusses the key parameters for the design of this sheet. It is intended to be an aid for sheet converters and those specifying weatherable coextruded sheet. The Dow Chemical Company and Atofina Chemicals, Inc. have combined their materials expertise to manufacture and test the sheet structures presented in this paper.
Rapid Thermal Response (RTR) Hot Embossing of Micro-Structures
Weidan Liu, Tom Kimerling, Donggang Yao, Byung Kim, May 2004
Although hot embossing is gaining popularity in the replication of micro-structures, it needs a breakthrough improvement on cycle time reduction before it can become a mass-production process. Previously, the authors developed a Rapid Thermal Response (RTR) molding process for enhancing the quality of conventionally molded parts. In the current study, this technology was adopted to hot embossing micro-structures. In the paper, RTR hot embossing machine setup and mold construction were described, and the results of fatigue test and RTR embossing were presented. Microstructures with characteristic dimension of 2?m were successfully replicated with substantially reduced cycle time. The fatigue test result indicated that this embossing technology is durable and reliable for microscale feature replication.
Neuronal Networks Application for Characterization of Softened Polymers
F. Erchiqui, A.N. Kandil, May 2004
Recent progress in computer-aided polymer processing analysis demonstrates the need for accurate description of the material behavior under the conjugated effect of applied stress and temperature. In this work, we are interested in the characterization of circular thermoplastic membranes, ABS and HIPS thermoforming grade, under biaxial deformation using the bubble inflation technique. Hyperelastic (Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden) models are considered. First, the governing equations for the inflation of a flat circular membrane are solved using a dynamic finite element model (triangular membrane elements), and there after, a neuronal algorithm is employed to determine the materials constants. Moreover, the influence of the Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden constitutive models on the thickness and the stress distribution in the thermoforming sheet are analysed.
Development of Rapid Heating and Uniformly Pressing System for Micro Hot Embossing
Jer-Haur Chang, Sen-Yeu Yang, May 2004
Hot embossing is an effective method for transferring micro-features in mold to plastic film or plates. Improving uniformity of pressure and reducing cycle time are constant challenges with MEMS or NEMS applications. This paper reports development of a rapid heating and uniformly pressing system for micro hot embossing. Direct fluids are used as working media. The seal film/mold/substrate stack is placed in a closed chamber. Then the fluid is introduced into the chamber for heating and pressing the stack. Micro patterns in the mold can be successfully replicated onto the substrate. Perfectly uniform embossing pressure throughout whole area can be achieved. The cycle time is less than 30 seconds.
Modeling of In-Mold Coating for Resin Transfer Molding
Chuckaphun Aramphongphun, José M. Castro, May 2004
Closed mold reactive liquid composite molding processes such as resin transfer molding (RTM) and any of its variations such as vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), Seemann Composite Resin Infusion Molding Process (SCRIMP), etc, are environmentally friendly alternatives to open mold processes, which have been traditionally employed to form large composite parts. However, in most cases, in order to improve and/or protect the part surfaces, gel coating is required. The gel coat is applied with the mold open, which releases harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the environment, partially compromising the benefits of the closed mold processes. In-mold coating (IMC) is an attractive alternative to gel coating to eliminate VOCs. IMC is a coating operation performed by injecting a coating material onto the surface of the substrate with the mold closed. The coating flows by compressing the substrate under pressure. In the present work, we develop mathematical models to predict the filling and packing stages of IMC for RTM substrates. These models include the effect of the compressibility of the substrate and mold.
Modeling the Vulcanization Process of High Consistency Rubber and Liquid Silicone Rubber
Amelia Cosgrove, Lina Lopez, Juan Hernandez-Ortiz, Tim Osswald, Enrique Camacho, May 2004
A kinetic model of the vulcanization process of high consistency rubber (HCR) and liquid silicone rubber (LSR) was developed. The exothermal vulcanization process was measured with a differential scanning calorimeter. Viscosity was measured with a cone and plate rheometer. A computer program fit coefficients to the experimental data. Values for activation energy and fitted rate coefficient were found using both nth order polynomial and autocatalytic models. A kinetic model of vulcanization will help manufacturers understand and optimize their production processes.
Effect of Dual-Initiator and Promoter on Low Temperature Cure of UP Resins
Xia Cao, Ling Li, L. James Lee, May 2004
In low temperature composite manufacturing processes, a major concern for material suppliers and fabricators is how to control the resin gel time and cure time and how to achieve a high final conversion with low residual volatile organic chemicals. In this study, a cobalt promoter catalyzed dual-initiator system is used to control the reaction rate and resin conversion of unsaturated polyester (UP) resins. A mechanistic kinetic model is developed to predict the reaction kinetics with dual initiators. This model can be utilized to simulate both isothermal and dynamic reaction rate and conversion profiles. It can also be used to predict the effect of promoter contents on UP resins cured at low temperatures.
Study of Mixtures of Different Fibers in Sheet Molding Compound (SMC)
Mauricio Cabrera Ríos, José M. Castro, L. James Lee, May 2004
The automotive industry requires parts with high strength and low weight, and if the application requires it, surface quality. These requirements have led to investigate the use of carbon fibers as a reinforcement alternative to the widely used glass fibers. Our previous studies compared the performance of glass and carbon fibers in unsaturated polyester based sheet molding compounds (SMC) for non-structural applications. These showed that there are compromises between the performance of physical properties, cost (incurred by adding the more expensive carbon fibers), and consistency (i.e. variability). In this work, we investigated the effect on physical properties of SMC structural parts when there is a mixture of carbon and glass fibers. Special considerations in the analysis and the implementation of these experiments are discussed.
Preparation and Characterization of Biphenyl Epoxy Nanocomposites via Pre-Intercalated Phenolic Hardener
Tae Ryong Hwang, Sang Min Lee, Yang Sun Song, Jae Wook Lee, May 2004
Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites(PLSN) as nanometer scale reinforcements offers an interesting alternative for the modification of polymer matrix properties with really great improvements in their mechanical, thermal and physical properties. The biphenyl epoxy(BPE)-phenol aralkyl novolac (so called xylok resin, XK)-montmorillonite (MMT) hybrid PLSN were newly synthesized via indirect melt process using pre-intercalated XK-MMT PLSN to avoid the fatal disadvantages of storage stability in conventionally synthesized epoxy PLSN due to the reaction between the epoxy resins and the organic group in the MMT. This storage stability is one of the important properties for the commercial uses such as epoxy molding compounds (EMC). To develop a novel formulations for the semiconductor packaging which have the good storage stability, we prepared pre-intercalated XK-MMT PLSN as the first step, and then we synthesized BPE-XK-MMT PLSN using these pre-intercalated XK-MMT PLSN. In this work we studied the effects of the MMT with different organic groups. Also we investigated the evidences of the power ultrasonication effects on the nano-scale structure. The x-ray diffractometer results shows the intercalated or exfoliated PLSN which were characterized by conducting differential scanning calorimeter, dynamic mechanical analyzer, thermo gravimetric analyzer, universal testing machine, and impedance analyzer. Moreover we could figure out the optimum contents of the MMT from the agglomeration due to the higher loading of the MMT.
Characterisation of Reactive Extruded Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)
Fugen Daver, Firas Awaja, Edward Kosior, Rahul Gupta, Ferenc Cser, May 2004
Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R-PET) was chain extended with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) in an industrial scale twin-screw reactive extrusion system. Reactive extruded recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (RER-PET) samples at different PMDA concentrations were characterised in terms of rheological properties; thermal transitions and crystallinity. The results confirm the increase in molecular weight with an increase of PMDA concentration, and the formation of branching at concentrations above 0.25 wt.% PMDA. Structural changes due to PMDA addition affect the Tm, Tc and the crystallinity; however, no significant change was observed for the Tg.
The Effect of Texture on the Shear Rheology of a Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer
Tianren Guo, Graham M. Harrison, Amod A. Ogale, May 2004
The effects of annealing time and temperature on the transient shear rheology of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer are reported. During flow startup, the first shear stress maximum and shear stress minimum was found to depend on annealing time, temperature, whereas the second shear stress maximum, a true overshoot, depends on the temperature, but not on annealing time. In situ rheo-optical characterization revealed that the evolution of the melt texture depends on the annealing time and temperature. We confirm that the threaded texture leads to the generation of the local shear stress maximum and shear stress minimum during shear flow startup.
SER Universal Testing Platform - The Ultimate in Physical Material Characterization Technology
Martin L. Sentmanat, May 2004
The SER Universal Testing Platform marks a revolutionary breakthrough in the field of physical material characterization technology. Designed as a detachable fixture for a rotational rheometer host system, the SER design incorporates dual windup drums that ensure a truly uniform extensional deformation during uniaxial extension experiments. Although originally developed as an extensional rheometer to be used for the rheological characterization of uncured polymers, this remarkably versatile miniature test platform can be used in characterizing a host of physical properties on a variety polymer melts and solid state materials over a very wide range of temperatures and kinematic deformations and rates. This single instrument is capable of converting a conventional rotational rheometer host system into a single universal testing station capable of performing experiments from extensional melt rheology to solids tensile, tear, cut fracture, peel/adhesion and friction testing all within a controlled environment. Experimental results demonstrating some of these testing capabilities are presented for polyethylenes of varying macrostructure.
RCR- A Fast Rheological Testing with Higher Selectivity of Elastomer Compounds and Thermo Sets
A. Göttfert, J. Sunder, May 2004
Quick tests of elastomer compounds are usually done at low shear rates far from processing. A rheological characterisation of thermo sets under curing conditions like in the later processing is so far not possible.A new device, the RCR" a further development of the "Rheovulkameter" concept is described. The selectivity is compared to a standard Mooney and rheometer measurement for elastomer compounds. A model to estimate entrance pressure loss to characterize elongation behaviour from the simple extrusion test is introduced and compared to capillary rheometer data. Finally the determination of rheological parameters of thermo set material under process like conditions is introduced."
The Influence of Elongational Viscosity in the Film Extrusion
T. Gabor, N. Royer, M. Moneke, May 2004
Knowledge of the elongational viscosity and its influence on the extrusion process is becoming more and more important. In order to determine how far the quality of extruded films can be deduced by measurements of the shear and elongational viscosity, an offline system, a twin bore capillary rheometer with a zero die, and a shear-elongation die as an online system have been used. The shear-elongation die has been integrated into the film extrusion line. The film quality is characterized by the film thickness profile for PE-LD and PE-LLD.Furthermore, a comparison between the rheometers will follow, giving information of the effective measuring ranges and the applicability.
Zero-Shear Viscosity/Molecular Weight Method for the Detection of Long-Chain Branching in Polyolefins
R.L. Sammler, T.P. Karjala, W. Huang, M.A. Mangnus, L.G. Hazlitt, M.S. Johnson, May 2004
Creep experiments have been applied to probe the zero-shear viscosity ?0 of molten entangled polyolefin chains directly and precisely in a constant-stress rheometer. Use of these ?0 data, with precise weight-average molecular weight Mw data, has enabled detection of long-chain branching (LCB) levels in polyethylene to as low as 0.006 branches/1000C (carbons). Approaches are discussed to address several complications to this relationship, such as sample stabilization, residual stress, polydispersity, and short-chain branching, to interpret LCB levels in polyolefin materials.
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