SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
Lean Design of Experiments for Plastics Processing: A Lean Statistical Thinking Case Study
Manufacturing companies all over the world have significantly improved their competitive posture by adopting lean philosophies and methods. A logical next step is to apply lean principles beyond the factory floor and extend them to R&D and process engineering. Company managers can ask themselves: • Are my production processes optimized? • Are my process optimization methods lean? • Is my product development process lean? This paper provides some answers to these questions in case study format.
Compatibilization Improvement of Nylon 6/Polypropylene Blends
This paper is a case study of different types of compatibilizers for nylon 6 and polypropylene blends. The compatibilizers that were investigated in this study were maleic anhydride grafted copolymers. The compatibility was evaluated by thermal properties, knit line tensile strength, and other mechanical properties of blends. The blends that exhibited strong knit line tensile strength were considered as highly compatibilized.
Evaluation of Different Heat Transfer Models for 9-Layer Film Blowing Process by Using Variational Principles
In this work, coextrusion experiments utilizing an industrial 9-layer Brampton Engineering coextrusion film blowing line has been performed in order to evaluate three different heat transfer models by using variational principles.
Injection Molding of Highly-Porous Polypropylene Foams
This paper presents the injection molding of highly-porous polypropylene foams with the core-back technique and a crystal-induced strategy. Through introducing the core-back foam expansion process near the crystallization onset of polypropylene, cell nucleation would be promoted, and thereby, increasing the probability of cell wall opening. Foam experiments were conducted over a range of dwelling times to examine the proposed strategy. At the optimal dwelling time of 48s, microcellular open-cell morphologies were achieved.
Fundamentals of Abuse Performance of LLDPE/LDPE Blends in Blown Film Applications
Blends of LLDPE and LDPE are used in many film applications. This study was undertaken to understand the behavior of LLDPE/LDPE blends over the entire composition range in terms of Elmendorf tear, dart impact, and puncture strengths in order to understand the relationships between these film properties, orientation effects, and intrinsic properties of the blends.
New Polyphenylene Sulfide Compounds
A new technology has been developed to enable polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) to start the recrystallization at a higher temperature with a fast speed. New PPS compounds with this new technology have demonstrated at production scale trials to have several benefits, including shorter cycle time, improved de-molding of parts, and improved flatness and dimensional precision. Laboratory data regarding the recrystallization behavior and production trial results will also be discussed.
Polyester Compositions for Automotive Tube Coatings
Polyester blends were evaluated as a replacement for nylon in automotive metal tube coating applications by investigation of long-term chemical resistance and adhesion to metal. Resistance to many common automotive fluids and fuels was observed for up to 5000h of exposure at 60 °C. Adhesion to metal was achieved without the use of a primer, which is an advantage over nylon materials and has potential to facilitate the production process by eliminating the use of primers.
Bioepoxy / Glass Fiber Composites
The present study focuses on the development of bioderived epoxies and their composites. Epoxidized linseed oil has been cured using both amine and anhydride hardeners, with curing time and temperature adjusted to maximize Shore D Hardness in the neat resin. Both resins were then used to manufacture glass fiber composite coupons that were tested in flexure. The properties of the anhydride cured bioepoxy composite were significantly better than the amine cured equivalent, and approached those of a composite based on a high performance petroleum derived anhydride cured epoxy.
Investigation of Scale-Up Methodologies in Twin-Screw Compounding
Polymer composites involve the compounding of a base polymer and a solid additive. To maximize the impact of the additive on the polymer matrix, it is critical to have good mixing. However, before the product is processed at an industrial level the materials are often studied at a laboratory scale to save resources. The importance of a consistent product between the two extruders dictates the need for a scale-up rule sensitive to dispersive mixing.
Three Parameter Analysis of Fiber Orientation in Fused Deposition Modeling Geometries
The ability to track fiber orientation of a filled polymer matrix in the fused deposition modeling process is critical to the development of variable material properties in 3D printed parts. Using the Moldflow injection molding analysis package, a study has been done on the effects of injection rate, filler volume fraction, and nozzle geometry on final fiber orientation in the extruded strand produced by the fused deposition modeling process.
Gas-Assist Injection Molding of PLA for Foaming Applications
The integration of gas-assist with foaming technologies was recently unveiled as a new technological development for microcellular foam injection molding. This work investigates the effect gas-assist processing on the final cellular structure of foam injection molded products. Typical gas-assist parameters including the holding pressure, holding time, ramping and start delay were examined. It was found that the application of gas-assist can improve or deteriorate the cellular structure depending on the processing parameters.
New Methods for Producing Energy Savings when Using Hot Runner Systems
The heat produced by heaters in hot runner systems keeps the resin in melt conveying channels of injection molds molten. The molten resin is then injected into the cavity of the injection mold. Some of the heat produced will be lost to the surroundings. This paper will show how new methods and materials can reduce the amount of energy lost from hot runner systems and result in additional cost savings.
Gas Phase Reaction for Surface Modification of Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC)
The effect of surface modification on NCC polarity was first studied based on ambient surface energy measurements. NCC film was used as a model system to check feasibility of alkyenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) for this purpose. Both polarity and total surface energy of NCC decreased after surface modification. NCC porous structure consisting of nanofibers was exposed to ASA gas for different exposure times (1 h and 3 h). The reaction between NCC and ASA was confirmed by solid state 13CNMR and ATR-FTIR.
Accelerated Weathering Insights into ASA Polymers UV Resistance
ASA polymers (Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate) represent one family of weatherable polymers often used in outdoor applications requiring long term color and physical properties retention. Their resistance to UV degradation is achieved through the selection of the ASA rubber modifier, choice of SAN (Styrene Acrylonitrile) copolymer, colorants, antioxidants and UV stabilizers along with other additives optimized for the application performance. Accelerated weathering testing offers valuable insights into the UV resistance of colored ASA polymers.
Optimization of Number of Gates in Injection Molding
In designing mold for bigger part it is important to determine number of gates. Excessive gates make loss of resin in gates and runners. Mold with many gates does not guarantee better mold filling condition. Automatic optimization system for number of gates is developed with objective function which represents the efficiency of gate. This paper discusses about the factors which are considered in development of optimization system and some application cases are followed.
M2M, Big Data and Injection Molds
This paper will observe how advancements in M2M interaction, coupled with advancements in data storage and analysis (Big Data), are changing the way that businesses make decisions. We will examine how M2M and Big Data advancements can be applied to plastic injection molds to optimize output and to increase the mold’s reliability.
Overview of Different UV-Techologies, Piano Black Surfaces and Other Potential Colourings
Overview of different UV technologies
Effect of Ground Calcium Carbonate Particle Size Distribution, Milling Method and Impurities on Abrasion Properties of Highly Filled Vinyl Formulations
Ground Calcium Carbonate (GCC) is composed of a relatively soft mineral known as calcite with a Mohs hardness of 3. However, all ground calcium carbonate contains small amounts of harder minerals such as dolomitic limestone (dolomite) and/or silica. These materials may or may not increase the abrasiveness of the ground calcium carbonate at any given particle size dependent on the concentration, morphology and particle size of the impurity.
Thermal Conductivity Improvements for Plastics Through the Use of Engineered Boron Nitride
Most plastic materials are insulators having very low thermal and electrical conductivity. Many different types of fillers are added to provide increased thermal conductivity but they can have deleterious effects on physical properties or cause increased electrical conductivity which may not be desired. New grades of hexagonal boron nitride are introduced that can provide increased thermal conductivity with improved physical properties. Thermal conductivity is improved without significantly changing the electrical conductivity.
Novel Approach in Fabrication of Printed Metal Tooling
A novel additive manufacturing approach was investigated for fabrication of steel tooling with microstructured surfaces. Varying processing parameters (printing pressure and speed) as well as material viscosity provided better control of microfeature height and width. Viscosity significantly affected feature uniformity, with higher viscosity materials producing narrow lines and more uniform feature heights. This tooling was unchanged after 5000 injection molding cycles, and so, has great potential as microstructured tooling for microfluidic devices.
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