SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
EFFECT OF MATERIAL VISCOSITIES ON PURGING IN EXTRUSION PROCESSES
Material changeovers steadily grow in importance in the context of the sinking batch sizes in extrusion plants. For understanding the influences on material changeovers, the changeover performance of polyolefins in a simple round strand die has been examined. In this regard the viscosity of the material turned out to be the key factor.
APPLICATION OF MODELING TO SPEED FLEXIBLE PACKAGE DEVELOPMENT
Models developed by DuPont or found in the literature are described that help the package engineer design new package structures by optimizing package performance, minimizing cost and ensuring the film or laminate can be fabricated on converting equipment. A case study is presented to illustrate how the use of these tools can speed up new package development.
DESCRIPTION BY DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE WALL THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE TWO-STAGE GITBLOW PROCESS
In the special injection molding process GITBlow, it is possible in a second stage to further inflate the hollow area produced by gas injection. This article sets out to identify the most important material, geometry and process parameters, and to relate them to the wall thickness homogeneity using dimensional analysis. With the aid of the model, users of the GITBlow technology are now able to estimate the expected wall thickness distribution for specific parameter settings.
USE OF X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY FOR EFFICIENT PACKAGE DESIGN
With the current trend for lightweighting, accurately modeling the complex interactions between the closure and bottle is critical for a package design. X-ray Microtomography, a non-destructive technique is shown as a tool for studying design and geometrical features of beverage packaging. It allows seeing through the assembly, to determine actual dimensions to a micron resolution and reconstruct a real 3D geometry for FE analysis. This technique also helps identify critical locations for better material distribution.
CRYSTALLIZATION OF ACETAMINOPHEN/POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) MIXTURES
A model drug acetaminophen was mixed with PEO, and the morphology, nucleation numbers, and crystallization kinetics of PEO were altered accordingly. The spherulitic growth rate and isothermal DSC endotherm were analyzed by Hoffman-Lauritzen theory and Avrami theory, respectively. It was found that the fold surface free energy increased significantly with increasing drug content, indicating the chain folding of PEO became much more difficult in the presence of the small molecule drug.
THEMOPLASTIC STARCH AND POLYETHYLENE BLEND FOR BLOW MOLDED BOTTLE
HDPE was blended with TPS and blow molded into bottles. The packaging related GHG emissions were reduced 80 percent. The method involved two extruders. The first converted the starch into TPS, while the second mixed the HDPE and TPS for a co-continuous morphology. Further dilution during the melt forming stage resulted in fine droplets of TPS dispersed throughout. The TPS was used in various layer combinations without sacrificing the appearance or performance of the bottles.
EXPLOITING CHAOS: SHOULD POLYMERIZATION REACTORS BE CHAOTIC?
This study established the benefits of chaotic mixing in polymerization of two immiscible components by considering one-step synthesis of thermoplastic polyurethanes from aliphatic diisocyanate, chain extender, and a soft segment diol. The efficient mixing in chaotic flow reduced the time scale of mixing and led to faster polymerization.
SELECTING DISPERSING AGENTS FOR THERMOSET/CARBON NANOTUBE MASTERBATCHES
This work presents an approach for preparing long-term stable suspensions of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in different components of thermoset resins with the goal of developing a strategy for preparing master batches. Suspensions of CNTs in different components of epoxy, VE and PU systems have been prepared using a tip sonicator and different amounts of block copolymers. The resistance to sedimentation of MWCNTs in various media was systematically investigated by using a centrifugation technique.
THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE: A STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTING SUCCESSFUL PRODUCTS FOR THE MASTERBATCH INDUSTRY
As the competitive landscape for the coloration of plastics rapidly contracts, expands and moves in new directions, new products are required to meet the demands of the marketplace. This paper will outline some strategic methods that can synergize to meet these demands. Some of these strategies have been used by different industries but this paper will use strategies from different types of businesses that will provide a novel perspective on the masterbatch industry and will have implications for other industries as well.
CONTROLLING ADHESION OF DIGITAL UV DECORATING TECHNIQUES
Many experiments have been performed globally to investigate ways of controlling and improving adhesion of energy curable UV paints, inks and coatings utilized to decorate structural polymers. This paper discusses a new class of atmospheric surface activation systems, appropriate measurements of wettability and adhesion, over-treatment effects and surface analysis techniques relative to optimizing the adhesion of UV inks, paints, coatings and adhesives to structural polymer surfaces. Recommendations for improved activation by substrate and application are discussed.
MAXIMIZING TALC BENEFITS IN DURABLE PLA APPLICATIONS WITH LUZENAC HAR®
The use of talc in PLA compounds for durable applications has been studied, and it is shown that talc could significantly increase stiffness, reduce thermal expansion (CLTE), and enhance thermal stability and HDT of crystallized PLA compounds. The high aspect ratio Luzenac HAR talc could be used to maximize these functions or to achieve desired mechanical properties at lower talc loadings, which may be desirable for compostability or other requirements.
LASER DIRECT STRUCTURING OF THERMALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS: AN INNOVATIVE THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPROACH
Thermally conductive polymers open up a vast range of design concepts for the thermal management of optoelectronic systems based on high-brightness light emitting diodes. This paper presents an innovative material approach for manufacturing three-dimensional thermoplastic circuit carriers, combining a selective, laser-assisted metallization technology and highly filled polymers with thermal conductivities up to 8 Wm-1K-1.
DIGITAL PRINTING OF PLASTICS A NEW FRONTIER FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT DECORATION
Piezo inkjet technology offers microprinting and macroprinting processes new and exciting product applications. This technology offers opportunities unparalleled in markets for entrepreneurial manufacturers and specialty printers.
TRANSFER EFFICIENCY VERSUS COATING WASTE REDUCTION
This paper will discuss published transfer efficiency of a spray applicator versus the real transfer efficiency of the spray applicator. The testing protocols used to determine the published transfer efficiency of a spray applicator will be discussed in relation to actual use of the spray applicator in a manufacturing coating process. The most common sources of material waste and the methods to reduce them to acceptable levels will be used to guide the reader to maximize the real transfer efficiency of their spray application system.
PVC REPLACEMENT IN RF MEDICAL DEVICE PLASTICS WELDING
This paper will provide an overview and options for plastics sealing/welding, and also the limitations of each heat sealing method. Further discussion will focus specifically on radio frequency (RF) welding. Next, this presentation will cover the trends toward eliminating PVC, specifically in the medical device industry. Tom will discuss various ways to eliminate both PVC and PU, using RF welding techniques. Finally, the presentation will cover medical device clean room best practices and the FDA and regulatory requirements in plastics welding of medical equipment, supplies or devices.
CALCIUM SULFATE WHISKERS(CSW)REINFORCEMENT OF POLYMERS - A REVIEW
Calcium sulfate whiskers (CSW) were patented in 1974. But then the price was too high. In the last 5 years, interest in CSW as reinforcement has grown due to availability and low cost relative to polymers. Surface treated CSW have been found to increase notched Izod impact properties of polypropylene by 60%. CSW increase strength, stiffness and HDT in PA6, PA66 and PBT. CSW improves friction materials based on phenolics, PA66/PVDF blends, and PTFE.
LATERAL STRESS AND DENSITY MEASUREMENTS FOR PC, ABS, HIPS, AND PP BULK RESIN FEED STOCK
A special test device was used to make laboratory measurements of the lateral stress and bulk density of four resin feed polymers: polycarbonate (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), and polypropylene (PP). Data for lateral stress, lateral stress ratio, and density as a function of primary compressive stress are given, and regression functions are provided. Data for the bulk temperature rise during compression are also provided.
PREDICTION OF THE FLASHING MOMENT BY THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE MOLDING ANALYSIS
The contact-pressure-sensor detected the mold deformation caused by cavity pressure, but failed to predict the flashing moment. In this work, we tried to predict the flashing moment by the structural analysis in conjunction with the molding analysis. The pressure from the molding analysis was input to the structural analysis. The strain at the sensor location showed a close trend of the change. The stress at the parting edge showed the possible moment of the flashing.
IN-SITU COMPATIBILIZATION OF HDPE-FUMED SILICA COMPOSITES: MORPHOLOGY, RHEOLOGY AND FILM BARRIER PROPERTIES
In the present study, HDPE-fumed silica (FS) composites were prepared by melt-mixing with different filler loading and in presence of PE-g-MA compatibilizer. Dynamic rheological properties and morphological analyses of the composites supported the plausible interfacial interaction between reactive groups of PE-g-MA and surface silanol groups of FS. Oxygen and water vapor permeability of the films made from composites were increased due to presence of FS as well as due to compatibilization.
RHEOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER BLENDS, RADIOPAQUE FILLERS AND COUPLING AGENT
This work studied the effect of blending two different grades of thermoplastic polyurethanes with a constant percentage of radiopaque filler (bismuth subcarbonate) and varying percentages of filler. A titanate binding agent was added to the blend to investigate the impact of improved polymer/filler adhesion. The results showed that varying grades of thermoplastic polyurethane in conjunction with different filler loadings can modulate the physical properties of the compound.
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