SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
ISOTHERMAL GROWTH RATES OF NODULAR AND SPHERULITIC STRUCTURES OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE
Yousef Ahmad Mubarak, May 2012
A comparison between individual spherulites growth rates and circumferential nodular growth rates for isotactic polypropylene crystallized from the melt was conducted by means of polarized optical microscopy. The obtained results show that both spherulites and nodules grow linearly with approximately similar growth rates at high crystallization temperatures, while individual spherulites grow a little faster at lower crystallization temperatures.
ANALYSIS OF CFC AS ITER DIVERTOR PROTECTOR
Ali Goodarzi, Hailey Taylor, May 2012
Exposure of the carbon fibre composites (CFC) NB31 and NS31 by multiple plasma pulses has been performed at the plasma guns MK-200UG and QSPA. Numerical simulation for the same CFCs under ITER type I ELM typical heat load has been carried out using the code PEGASUS-3D. Comparative analysis of the numerical and experimental results allowed understanding the erosion mechanism of CFC based on the simulation results. A modification of CFC structure has been proposed in order to decrease the armour erosion rate.
TOWARDS THE UNDERSTANDING OF FIBER TEAR
Yusuf Oni, Theresa Hermel-Davidock, Srini Sridharan, May 2012
This paper presents the results of an experimental study into the mechanisms of fiber tear as it affects blister packaging for medical devices. Physical and chemical characterizations of different paper/film combinations were carried out. Results show hat fiber tear is largely due to the extent of mechanical interlocking of the paper fibers with the adjoining film. Suggesting hat the chemistry on each paper surface can further assist in influencing the extent of mechanical interlock observed.
RECYCLING OF POLYVINYL BUTYRAL (PVB) FROM LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS
Achim Schmiemann, May 2012
Polymeric interlayers like Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) - films between glass sheets make it safe in case of breakage. But, in the case of recycling, the adhesive interlayer makes the laminated glass difficult to cut. Fortunately, the mostly used PVB is a polymer which can easily been solved in different agents. Using this possibility the present investigations show that recovered PVB can be used in laminated safety glass again.
VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF HYDROPHOBICALLY MODIFIED HYDROGELS
none, May 2012
The viscoelastic behavior of physically crosslinked copolymer hydrogels synthesized from N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamido) ethyl acrylate (FOSA) is discussed. These gels have a core-shell nanodomains structure that is responsible for the crosslinks. High modulus (80 – 130 kPa), elongation (1000 – 1600 %), a tensile strength ~500 kPa and toughness (4 – 6 MPa) were achieved. The exceptional properties are due to the reversible nature of the physical crosslinks and their ability to dissipate energy.
HIGH FLOW THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTERS
Robert R. Gallucci, May 2012
A rapid extrusion process has been developed to make high flow polyesters in a melt reaction with a primary alkyl amine. In addition to much higher flow the modified resins show slightly faster crystallization but with reduced impact. This process has also been used to make high flow fiber glass filled PBT. It provides a low cost, fast option to make a wide variety of high flow resins from one staring material.
TROUBLESHOOTING BLACK SPECKS AND COLOR STREAKS IN INJECTION MOLDED PARTS
Mark Spalding, Gregory Campbell, May 2012
Black specks and color streaks in injection molded parts can reduce the yield and profitability of an injection molding process. This paper presents some of the common root causes for black specks and color streaks, and the technical solutions to remove them. Three case studies are presented.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF IMMISCIBLE POLYMER BLENDS WITH MWNT
Sang Min Kim, Tae Yong Hwang, Jae Wook Lee, May 2012
The electrical, rheological properties and phase behavior of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) filled with Polypropylene(PP)/Polystyrene(PS) blends were investigated. Based on the matrix polymer, two kinds of masterbatch chips were used to prepare ternary blends, and the influence of the kinds of masterbatch were confirmed on the phase morphology of ternary blends and the distribution of MWNT in ternary blends.
REVIEW OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA EFFECT ON THE ACTIVATION OF PLASTICS FOR IMPROVED ADHESION
Thomas S. Williams, Hang Yu, Robert F. Hicks, May 2012
Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment is a key process for surface preparation prior to adhesive bonding of plastics and composites. We observe >50% increase in bond strength and durability by using atmospheric plasma instead of traditional abrasion techniques. Surface analysis by XPS, IR and AFM indicates that the improved adhesion is due to carboxylic acid groups on polymer surface. The implications of this work for polymer adhesion will be discussed at the meeting.
AN IMPROVED FLOW CHANNEL DESIGN FOR FILM AND SHEET EXTRUSION DIES
Masaki Ueda, Makoto Iwamura, Hideki Tomiyama, May 2012
A new flow channel design of die for polymer processing was devised. The design is based on the combination of two conventional die designs to take advantages of both types. The performance of the die with the new flow channel design was evaluated with a flow simulation. It was expected that the new die could obtain more uniform flow rate at the die exit than conventional dies without losing other performances such as residence time.
ENHANCEMENT OF MELT ELASTICITY OF LONG-CHAIN BRANCHED POLYETHYLENE BY BLENDING A LINEAR POLYETHYLENE
Masayuki Yamaguchi, Naoya Mieda, May 2012
The rheological properties are studied for binary blends composed of a long-chain branched polyethylene and a linear polyethylene. It is found that the blends containing a linear polyethylene with high shear viscosity exhibit enhanced elasticity in the molten state, which is attributed to the prolonged relaxation time for entanglement couplings between a linear polymer and a branched polymer.
INVESTIGATION OF DIE DROOL PHENOMENON FOR LINEAR HDPE POLYMER MELTS HAVING IDENTICAL POLYDISPERSITY INDEX BUT DIFFERENT MZ AND MZ+1 AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHTS
Martin Zatloukal, Jan Musil, May 2012
In this work, die drool phenomenon, for two linear HDPE polymers having identical polydisperzity index (Mw/Mw) but different Mz and Mz+1 molecular weight averages, has been investigated experimentally. It has been revealed that increase in linear HDPE chain length promotes the die drool phenomenon and vice versa.
PRIMARY PARTICLE DELAMINATION AS THE IMPACT MECHANISM FOR PVC
Donald E. Witenhafer, May 2012
Previously published data is interpreted by assuming that the impact energy absorbing mechanism in rigid PVC is delamination or separation of the primary particles. This means that PVC can not have optimum impact properties along with optimum other mechanical properties such as creep resistance, yield strength, etc that are fully developed with complete gelation. This finding could have particular significance in PVC pressure pipe.
SOLVENTLESS POLYMERIC PARTICLE COATING IN A FLUIDIZED BED VIA UV LED INITIATED POLYMERIZATION
Chunmeng Lu, Huiji Liu, Yong Lu, Linjie Zhu, Ming-Wan Young, Costas G. Gogos, May 2012
A fluidized bed coater equipped with Light Emitting Diodes (LED) UV lamps was demonstrated for solventless polymeric coating of KCl particle. SEM images show that the polymeric coating is very uniform. TGA and ash test results confirm that most of injected chemicals were coated on KCl particles. IR analysis showed that the conversion of the polymerization could be up to 60% and 100% in air and nitrogen, respectively.
CHARACTERISTIC OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE INJECTION-MOLDED PARTS USING THE EXAMPLE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE BIPOLAR PLATES
Johannes Wortberg, Marco Lenzen, Georg Lenze, May 2012
Topic of this article is the result of some investigations which are representing the foundations for quality optimization of highly filled injection-molded parts, represented by the electrical conductivity. In this context the influence of the process conditions on the electric conductivity of high temperature bipolar plates is subject of research. Especially the cavity pressure, the melt temperature and the time dependence of these values became essential.
GLOBALIZED BUSINESS STRATEGIES – THE ANSWER TO WEAK DOMESTIC GROWTH?
Roger F. Jones, May 2012
US domestic businesses have been struggling since the onset of the Great Recession – four years now – with weak demand and limited available financing still prevalent. Business managers need to adapt to this “new normal,” or their companies may not be able to endure until sustained growth is finally here again. One answer is to seek customers where demand is still growing – overseas. Less developed countries can offer business opportunities that are currently lacking in the US and the EU.
SOME REASONS FOR THE FRACTURING OF GLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC PIPES
Valeriy G. Makarov, Rakhil M. Sinelnikova, May 2012
Distinctions in heat conductivity and durability of the functional layers of GRP pipes can lead to the fracturing of a superficial layer at a heatstroke.
INCREASING DRUG RELEASE RATE THROUGH FOAMED STRUCTURES
Graciela Terife, Niloufar Faridi, Costas G. Gogos, May 2012
The influence of foam morphology on the release rate of Indomethacin (INM) from a solid solution prepared by hot melt extrusion was investigated. Closed cell foams were produced through a batch process, employing CO2 as physical blowing agent. In all cases foamed disks showed faster INM’s release than un-foamed disks. The time required for completing INM’s release was reduced up to 75% mainly due to extensive and random breakage of the sample during dissolution test.
STATIC CHARGE CONTROL FOR PLASTIC WEBS IN ROLL-TO-ROLL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Kelly Robinson, May 2012
Excessive static causes dust attraction and sheet sticking. Sparks can injure operators, damage electronic devices and ignite fires. While installing a static dissipater just before winding prevents sparks in the winding roll, it is ineffective in preventing static problems when the roll is unwound in subsequent operations. A more effective strategy is to identify the sources of the charging and to install static dissipaters to neutralize static on the charged web surface.
ASSEMBLY INJECTION MOLDING AND TESTING OF POLYMER-METAL-HYBRIDS
Ines Kühnert, Torsten Maenz, Jacob Rösner, Konrad Schneider, May 2012
On a basic concept of a reactive layer between metal and polymer, in this study a physico-chemical bonded polymer-metal combination was injection molded and amongst others characterized by peel test. The multilayer system contains an intermediate flexible TPU-layer that compensates thermal induced internal stresses. The scope of the paper is the injection molding process for a three and four layer part and first results of the characterization of the bond strength between the different components.
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