SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
EVALUATION OF FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE BLOWN FILMS USING THE ESSENTIAL WORK OF FRACTURE (EWF) WITH VARIABLE FILM ORIENTATIONS
Ilhyun Kim, Byoung-Ho Choi, May 2012
In this paper, essential work of fracture (EWF) tests for five polyethylene blown films are conducted. The fracture toughness of those samples was evaluated based on test results. The effect of the film orientation on the fracture toughness of materials was evaluated. The work calculated from load-displacement curves obtained from double edge-notched tension (DENT) specimens was analyzed as the ligament increases
EXAMINATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A HIGH SPEED SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDER FOR SEVERAL DIFFERENT EXTRUSION APPLICATIONS
John P. Christiano, May 2012
This study investigates the extrusion characteristics of a High Speed Single Screw Extruder, (HSSSE), to determine suitability for use in several different extrusion applications including Sheet, Fiber and Extrusion Coating. The study demonstrated that a properly designed HSSSE can greatly improve the processing capability of a small diameter single screw extruder for a wide range of applications.
ENCAPSULATED GRAPHENE WITH POLYSTYRENE BY ULTRASONICALLY INITIATED IN-SITU EMULSION POLYMERIZATION
Lei Wang, Ping Fan, Jintao Yang, Feng Chen, Mingqiang Zhang, May 2012
Graphene was successfully encapsulated with polystyrene via ultrasonically initiated in-situ emulsion polymerization in this paper. The XPS, FTIR, TEM and SEM results confirmed the PS encapsulation of grapheme nanocomposite (PS-G) was achieved through ultrasonically initiating technology without any initiators. The graphenes exhibit good compatibility and dispersion in the PS matrix. The thermal stability of nanocomposites is improved with the incorporation of graphene.
POLYMER EXTRUSION CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN
Zhenhua Jiang, Y. Yan, F. Gao, May 2012
In this paper, the overall extruder control system is constructed by two control loops, a multi-input-multi- output (MIMO) control of the barrel temperatures and a single-input-single-output (SISO) control of the melt pressure at die output. Advanced control algorithms are adopted to control these key variables. Experimental results demonstrate the fast response, near-zero overshoot and precise tracking performance of the proposed control strategies. And ultimately the effectiveness of the whole controller is well reflected by product quality.
THE INFLUENCE OF FLOW ENHANCED CRYSTALLIZATION ON SHRINKAGE PREDICTION
Franco Costa, Zhongshuang Yuan, Chittur Hadinata, May 2012
Comparison is made between a flow-induced crystallization model and measurements made on injection molded samples of a PBT material. The magnitude of shrinkage in the flow direction and the direction perpendicular to flow are found to be in good agreement, as is the degree of shrinkage anisotropy. The flow-induced components of the model are demonstrated to be crucial for the correct prediction of the shrinkage anisotropy.
RECYCLE TECHNOLOGY OF USED PLASTIC MATERIALS
Hobuyuki Imamura, Masahiro Muto, Tatsuro Ueda, Kazushi Yamada, Hiroyuki Nishimura, Hiroki Sakamoto, Shinichi Kawasaki, Takahiro Nishino, May 2012
This paper describes the recycle technology of used plastic materials such as waste HDPE films and containers, waste caps for PET bottles, and used PET bottles with caps and films. The fusion joining strength of extruded sheets of waste HDPE films and containers using a compatibilizer was firstly studied. A compounding technology of used PET bottles with caps and films using a compatibilizer was secondly studied.
A NOVEL FOAM INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS USING GAS-LADEN PELLETS
Jungjoo Lee, Lih-Sheng Turng, Eugene Dougherty, Patrick Gorton, May 2012
This paper proposes a new foam injection molding process that enables the ease of processing of the chemical blowing agent method with the foaming characteristics of a physical blowing agent, but in a cost-effective fashion. By using gas-laden (CO2 or N2) pellets in injection molding, a simple yet cost- effective dosing method can be achieved. This paper presents this new process and the properties of the injection molded foamed parts.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEST FREQUENCY AND ECCENTRIC CRACK GROWTH ON CYCLIC CRB TESTS
Andreas Frank, Redhead, Gerald Pinter, May 2012
The cyclic CRB test was standardized recently as an alternative method to characterize the SCG resistance of polyethylene pipe grades. Open questions like the influence of frequency or eccentric SCG are focused on. To study the impact of hysteretic heating, tests with thermal observation of the crack tip were conducted with different frequencies. Moreover, COD measurements were used to study the eccentricity of SCG. Both investigations confirm high reliability and reproducibility of cyclic CRB tests.
SWELLING OF PLA MELT DUE TO CO2 DISSOLUTION
Syed Mahmood, Chul Park, May 2012
The superior mechanical properties of microcellular foams such as, heat resistance, lightweight and high performance to weigh ratio, are important factors to be considered with respect to the automotive industry and foaming industries. Therefore, an understanding of the thermophysical and rheological properties of polymer/gas mixtures is critically important. This paper focuses on the pure PLA 3001D volume swelling measurement and its comparison with varying talc content. Effect of D content on swelling ratio is also discussed.
INVESTIGATION OF AIR FILTRATION EFFICIENCY FOR NANOFIBER BASED FILTERS IN ULTRAFINE PARTICLE SIZE RANGE
Martin Zatloukal, Wannes Sambaer, Dusan Kimmer, May 2012
In this work, 3D filtration modeling utilizing realistic SEM image based 3D structure model has been proposed and used for different polyurethane nanofiber based filters. For the model validation purposes, two polyurethane nanofiber layers prepared by the electrospinning process were combined to form 2 pairs of nanofiber based filters and their filtration efficiency characteristics were determined experimentally in the ultrafine particle size range (20-400 nm).
PREPARATION AND PROPERTY STUDY OF TOUGHENED AND REINFORCED NYLON WITH NON-HALOGEN FLAME-RETARDANTS
Xin Jang, Bin-yi Chen, Hao-yang Mi, Qiang Fu, Xiang-fang Peng, May 2012
The best basic composition of PA66 composites with better flame retardant properties and mechanical properties was determined by orthogonal test. POE-g-MAH was added to enhance impact strength and silane coupling agent KH-550 as surface modifier of Mg(OH)2 (MH) to modify the flame resistance of the basic composites. TGA, DSC, SEM and mechanical property testing equipments were employed to study the properties of PA66 composites. A best formula of PA66 composites was obtained.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ABS/SPARKLE ALUMINUM COMPOSITES
Jingjing Zhang, Xiaoting Xiao, Haiyan Zhu, May 2012
The Taguchi method was used to study the effect of aluminum content, coupling agent content, screw speed and barrel temperature on the mechanical properties of ABS/sparkle Al composites. Signal to noise ratios for mechanical properties were calculated to obtain the optimum set of processing parameters. It was observed that a lower sparkle Al content, higher coupling agent content, medium screw speed, and medium barrel temperature were desirable for better mechanical properties of ABS/sparkle Al composites.
AN EASY APPROACH OF MEASURING THE RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION WITH THE USE OF NIR-SPECTROSCOPY
Andreas Witschnigg, Ramesh Kumar Selvasankar, Stephan Laske, Clemens Holzer an Laske,, May 2012
The residence time distribution of polypropylene was determined directly in-line with the help of near infrared spectroscopy and with the use of an UV-absorber as tracer. Different experiment alignments such as screw speed and mass throughput and their influence on mean residence time and especially residence time distribution have been investigated.
JOURNAL OF PLASTIC FILM AND SHEETING - HOW IT CAME TO BE AND TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
John R. Wagner, Jr, May 2012
The history and growth of the Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting which was founded by James P. Harrington in 1984 will be reviewed along with a film technology overview.
DIFFUSION PROPERTIES IN POLYMER MEMBRANES BY FT-IR-ATR
James M. Sloan, May 2012
In order to understand membrane transport and thereby develop suitable membranes for protection and separation, there are a few characteristics of the membrane and the diffusing constituents that must be known. These include the molecular states of the diffusing components, their diffusion coefficients, permeabilities and the membrane selectivity. In general, the fundamental physical property required to design and optimize polymers used as barrier and membranes is the mutual diffusion coefficient.
DEVELOPMENT OF A RING TENSILE TEST FOR EVALUATING THE CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY OF PLASTIC PIPES
Michael D. Hayes, May 2012
A test method for evaluating the chemical compatibility of plastic pipe has been developed. It is a simple extension of the tensile creep rupture method to ring samples excised from pipes. Simple mechanics equations are used to determine the load required to match the stress to that of a pressurized pipe. Analysis and results of demonstration experiments are provided. This method has the advantage of simulating the real application more realistically than a displacement-controlled test.
ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT OF FILLER CONCENTRATION
Charles Fry, Zhigang Sun, May 2012
TE Connectivity conducted a joint effort with the Nation Research Council of Canada to investigate using ultrasonic measurement techniques to determine filler concentrations during the extrusion process. The results of that project are presented here. Ultrasonic attenuation and velocity are sensitive to several extrusion factors such as pressure, extrusion rate, carrier material, and filler concentration. We have demonstrated the ability to detect relative changes from a process baseline. The technique shows promise for more improvements.
COMPARISON OF WHEAT STRAW AND TALC ON POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Arathi Mohan Sharma, Leonardo C. Simon, May 2012
The study includes two fillers (wheat straw and talc; from 20 to 40wt %) and two polypropylenes (homopolymer and impact copolymer). The combined effect of the fillers at 30wt % was also evaluated. Mechanical properties and density were measured. The flexural modulus increased with filler level. In case of polypropylene copolymer, increasing the percentage of filler/fiber decreased the impact strength of the composite. Each filler had a different contribution to the specific flexural modulus.
THE EFFECT OF HOST POLYOLEFIN PROPERTIES AND PROCESSING CONDITIONS ON THE ANTISTATIC PERFORMANCE OF K-IONOMER BLENDS
Xiyun S. Fan, May 2012
K-ionomer antistatic agent is highly effective in polyolefin host resins. In addition to the many unique features it imparts to the end-uses, the K-ionomer shows good compatibility with polyolefins and is easy to process. This paper presents an in-depth discussion on several material and processing factors that need to be properly controlled in order to achieve a favorable blend morphology and further improve the antistat performance.
DROP OF PRESSURE OF POLYMER MELTS IN MICROSCOPIC CHANNELS
Thomas Ottnad, Franz Irlinger, Tim Lüth, May 2012
In plastics processing industry does exist the trend of miniaturization. Control of all production parameters, especially control of pressure, plays a decisive role influencing the quality of products produced with injection molding and extrusion. When downscaling the size of products to microproducts control of pressure gets more important and difficult. This work investigates the possibility to apply the Bagley correction in microchannels to determine the drop of pressure in cross-section reductions without using pressure sensors.
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