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Conference Proceedings

EFFECT OF PELLET SIZES ON MOISTURE ABSORPTION AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION KINETIC OF RECYCLED PET/RECYCLED PP BLEND
Supaphorn Thumsorn, Kazushi Yamada, Yew Leong, Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2011

This study considers the effects of pellet geometry on its moisture absorption and thermal decomposition kinetic of recycled polyethylene-terephthalate (RPET) and recycled polypropylene (RPP) blend. Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) was used for the kinetic study, which it was suitable for thermal degradation of RPET/RPP blend in N2 while the second order polynomial was fitted for degradation in air. Finer powders were found to have higher moisture absorption rates due to their large surface area although they could also be easily dried. Meanwhile, larger pellets exhibited higher degradation activation energies, which suggest that they are more resistant to thermal degradation than smaller grains.

SEALANT RESINS BASED ON ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS CONTAINING BIOSOURCED MODIFIERS
Donna Visioli, John Chen, May 2011

Ethylene ionomers, such as Surlyn from DuPont, have long been used as packaging sealants because of their good mechanical properties and formability combined with excellent seal strength over a wide sealing temperature range, seal integrity in the presence of contamination, and hot tack. Ionomers can be modified with biosourced additives, such as fatty acids to modify their mechanical and barrier properties. In this paper we discuss blending these recently developed ionomers with commercially available ethylene copolymers to achieve films containing 20% -40% renewable content having a good balance of sealant and mechanical properties.

3D MODELLING OF FILTRATION PROCESS THROUGH POLYMERIC NANOFIBER BASED NONWOVENS
Wannes Sambaer, Martin Zatloukal, Dusan Kimmer, May 2011

Full 3D particle filtration modeling at low pressures considering slip/transition/free molecular flow regime, particle-fiber interactions, air/particle slip, sieve and homogenous flow field has been performed for the polyurethane nanofiber filter prepared by electrospinning process. The obtained theoretical predictions for the filtration efficiency have been compared with the corresponding experimental data and good agreement between both data sets has been obtained. In order to take all real structure features of the nanofiber filter into account (such as varying fiber diameter, curvature, inhomogeneity, defects), a new approach for 3D nanofiber mat model construction from corresponding SEM images has been proposed and utilized.

THE DEPENDENCY OF POLYLACTIDE CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR ON THE CHAIN BRANCHING AND NANO-CLAY CONTENTS
Mohammadreza Nofar, Wenli Zhu, Chul B. Park, Jed Randall, May 2011

The crystallization behavior of Polylactide with different chain extenders and nano-clay contents were investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results of As Received PLAs show that the branched structure plays the role of crystal nucleating agent. Also, the compounding process on the branched PLAs improves the crystallinity significantly due to the completion of branching reactions. The results of PLA-nanoclay show that the addition of nanoclay in different loadings does not have a significant effect on melt crystallization of half and fully branched PLAs compared with processed branched PLAs, but improve the crystallinity of linear PLA during isothermal crystallization.

NATURAL WEATHERING VS. ACCELERATED UV IRRADIATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN POLY(1-BUTENE)
Lubomir Benicek, Roman Cermak, Martin Obadal, Vincent Verney, Sophie Commereuc, May 2011

The work directs attention towards the influence of natural weathering and accelerated UV degradation on resulting macroscopic properties in isotactic poly(1-butene). For this purpose, commercial-available poly(1-butene) was extruded as tape. Two sets of prepared specimens were UV irradiated up to 300 hours and naturally weathered up to 103 days. Significant changes were consequently observed in evolution of mechanical properties where was observed a drop of tensile strength and elongation at break, while tensile modulus shows different trend caused by phenomenon of chemicrystallization. Evolution of chemical species in specimens was observed using infrared spectroscopy and surface changes were observed by stereomicroscopy.

MISCIBILITY OF POLYOXYMETHYLENE AND POLY(LACTIC ACID)
Satoshi Nagai, Akira Itou, Patcharat Wongsriraksa, Kazushi Yamada, Yew Leong, Hiroyuki Hamada, May 2011

Polymer blend or alloy provides the good mechanical performances and thermal properties. However, the different kinds of polymers are immiscible, which indicated by phase separation structure and declination of mechanical properties. In this study, we investigated the miscibility of various ratio of POM/PLA blends and their effect on thermal and mechanical properties of POM/PLA blends. The miscibility of POM/PLA blends could confirm by single melting temperature and no phase separation. The incorporation of PLA into POM significantly affected both thermal and mechanical properties, which could be attributed to the embedding of submicron PLA domains amongst the amorphous regions of POM.

MODELING OF NON-ISOTHERMAL FILM BLOWING PROCESS FOR NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS BY USING VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES
Martin Zatloukal, Roman Kolarik, May 2011

In this work, non-isothermal film blowing process analysis for non-Newtonian polymer melts has been performed theoretically by using a minimum energy approach and the obtained predictions were compared with both, theoretical and experimental data (internal bubble pressure, take-up force, bubble shape, velocity and temperature profiles) taken from the open literature. For this purpose, recently proposed generalized Newtonian fluid depending on three principal invariants of the deformation rate tensor, D, and its absolute defined as square root of D*D has been used. It has been found that film blowing model predictions are in very good agreement with the corresponding experimental data.

OBSERVATION OF BANDED SPHERULITES IN WATER-ASSISTED AND CONVENTIONAL INJECTION MOLDED LLDPE/HDPE BLENDS
Han-Xiong Huang, Bin Wang, May 2011

Crystal morphologies of LLDPE and its miscible blends with HDPE obtained by water-assisted injection molding (WAIM) and conventional injection molding (CIM) were examined. Banded spherulites formed in both WAIM and CIM pure LLDPE parts. In CIM parts, a clear banding to non-banding morphological transition occurred for LLDPE upon blending with HDPE. However, for WAIM parts, banded spherulites of LLDPE still formed in outer and inner zones upon blending with HDPE, but the bands became irregular. In core zone of WAIM parts, a clear banding to non-banding morphological transition for LLDPE was observed when HDPE content was increased to 30 wt%.

DEVELOPING PHB/WOOD FOUR/CELL DEBRIS COMPOSITES THROUGH EXTRUSION
Meng-Hsin Tsai, Long Jiang, Michael Wolcott, May 2011

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-based wood plastic composites (WPCs) are superior to ordinary petroleum-based WPCs in terms of environmental protection. However, PHB is more expensive than many of the commodity petrochemical polymers because of the costly separation and purification processes, which could be avoided by directly using PHB-laden bacteria to produce PHB-based WPC. This study investigated the processing parameters, mechanical properties, and water resistance of the extruded composites with varying component ratios. The results indicate that some of the composites had outstanding properties compared with a commercial WPC. Therefore, this renewable WPC can replace petroleum-based WPCs on current markets without sacrificing product performance.

DEVELOPMENT OF THERMALLY CONDUCTIVE AND ELECTRICALLY INSULATING POLYMER COMPOSITES FOR ELECTRONIC PACKAGING APPLICATIONS
Siu Ning Sunny Leung, M. Omer Khan, Ellen Chan, Hani Naguib, Francis Dawson, Vincent Adinkrah, Laszlo Lakatos-Hayward, May 2011

This paper discusses the development and modeling of novel polymer composites that possess multifunctional properties demanded by electronic packaging applications. In this work, a thermal conductivity analyzer was designed and implemented to measure composites effective thermal conductivity (keff). An analytical model was established to predict keff of composites filled with spherical fillers. Using this model, together with experimentally-measured keff, a semi-empirical approach was developed to study the effects of polymer-filler interfacial properties on keff.

THE EFFECT OF MELT ROTATION TECHNOLOGY ON PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION DURING INJECTION MOLDING
Kory Slye, John Coulter, Burak Bekisli, Tyler Skiba, John Beaumont, May 2011

The melt rotation technology has been proposed to reduce the distribution variations of filler particles due to shear-induced migration in injection molded parts. The technique had been successfully employed to address the filling imbalances due to shear gradients formed during the polymer flow through runners. An experimental analysis has been carried out this time for a filled polymer. Glass-filled polypropylene has been injection molded using a multi-cavity mold system both with and without melt rotation implementations and parts have been analyzed by microscopic imaging. The preliminary results suggest that application of melt rotation results in more balanced filler concentration levels.

THE EFFECT OF CHAIN BRANCHING ON THE CRYSTALLINITY BEHAVIOR OF POLYLACTIDE WITH THE PRESENCE OF DISSOLVED CO2
Wenli Zhu, Mohammadreza Nofar, Wentao Zhai, Chul B. Park, Jed Randall, May 2011

This paper investigates the effect of chain extender on the crystallinity behavior of Polylactide with/without the presence of dissolved CO2 by a high-pressure differential scanning calorimeter (HPDSC). It is shown that without CO2, the crystallinity increases by decreasing the branched structure due to better chain regularity. With the presence of low-pressure (15bar) CO2, the crystallinity of PLAs significantly increased due to CO2ƒ??s great plasticization effect. However, with the increase of pressure (from 15bar to 45bar), crystallinity dramatically decreases, even though more CO2 is dissolved. However, as the pressure increases from 45bar to 60bar, the crystallinity of all PLAs dramatically increases.

ENGINEERING UP POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES WITH ORGANOSILANES
Francois De Buyl, Vincent Rerat, Damien Dehaunynck, Scott Miller, May 2011

Modification of polypropylene resins with ñ,ý-unsaturated carboxylic functional-silanes by melt extrusion processing in presence of free radical initiator was demonstrated while preventing significantly undesired ý-scission phenomenon in comparison to prior work on vinyl- and methacryloxy-silanes. Modified PP was then used for enabling crosslinking into injected parts, showing enhanced high temperature resistance for both neat PP resin or glass-fibers-PP composites. Another improvement was water uptake in wood-fibers PP composites, which resulted in significant improvement of impact and tensile properties and stability under heat and water aging. Relevance of this work will be discussed in applications such as Automotive, Appliance, and Building.

MANIPULATION OF POLYMERIC BIODEGRADATION CHARACTERISTICS BY VIBRATION ASSISTED INJECTION MOLDING
Burak Bekisli, John Rodgers, Qi Li, John Coulter, May 2011

The wide variety of biomedical applications employing biodegradable polymers requires a similarly wide range of biodegradation properties. In this study, a dynamic melt manipulation technique in injection molding has been investigated as a low cost, high volume manufacturing alternative to respond these requirements. The technique utilizes an additional oscillatory motion during injection molding to induce molecular alignment of polymer molecules in the final product. Preliminary experimental results have indicated that biodegradation process is dependent on these orientation levels and therefore polymeric medical devices with different degradation characteristics can be obtained simply by changing the manufacturing parameters.

STRUCTURE OF HIGH PRESSURE CRYSTALLIZED POLY(1-BUTENE)
Jiri Kalous, Lubomir, Roman Cermak, May 2011

Present work study the effect of high-pressure crystallization on morphology and thermal behavior of two different homopolymers of isotactic poly(1-butene). Both materials were non-isothermally crystallized under pressure in range from 20 to 200 MPa using a pvT 100 apparatus and thus prepared samples were investigated using wide-angle X-Ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light microscopy. Results showed significant effect of pressure on formation of metastable phases Iƒ?? and II with respect to material properties on thermal behavior and morphology in isotactic poly(1-butene).

FOAMING OF POLYMER CARBON NANOTUBE NANOCOMPOSITE FROM THE RETROGRADE PHASE
Zhenhua Chen, Kristin Kynard, Changchun Zeng, Chuck Zhang, Ben Wang, May 2011

This work focuses on poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite foams prepared by using carbon dioxide as the foaming agent. CNTs nanocomposites were synthesized using anti-solvent process, and the foam morphology was tuned by the process design and incorporation of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. The synergism between CNT and attractive retrograde phenomenon of PMMA in CO2 atmosphere was explored to generate foams. Thus nanocomposites were saturated with CO2 at 0 oC and 580psi followed by foaming at temperature in 70 oC. The cell morphology of nanocomposite are analyzed and compared with that of pure PMMA foam.

CHARACTERIZATION, MICROSCALE REPLICATION, AND USE OF A NOVEL BIOELASTOMER IN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
Israd Jafaar, Courtney LeBlon, Mohamed Ammar, John Coulter, Sabrina Jedlicka, May 2011

Novel materials possessing physical, mechanical, and chemical properties similar to those found in vivo provide a potential platform in building artificial microenvironments for therapeutic applications and well-defined biointerfaces for examining differentiation potential in stem cell biology. Poly(glycerol-sebacate) (PGS), a novel biocompatible and biodegradable elastomer is one such material. It provides an invaluable platform for in vitro culture studies to direct the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into specific lineages and functional cell types. This paper presents work in PGS material characterization, synthesis, microscale manufacturing, and investigations related to its use as a susbtrate for in vitro hMSC culture.

ENHANCED DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MICRO AND NANOLAYERED FILMS FOR CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS
Matthew Mackey, Mason Wolak, James Shirk, Lionel Flandin, Anne Hiltner, Eric Baer, May 2011

There is a need in electronic systems for capacitors with high energy density. Our approach to improve polymer film capacitors is to combine, through microlayer coextrusion, two polymers with complimentary properties: one with a high dielectric constant (polyvinylidene fluoride based polymers - PVDF) and one with a high breakdown strength (polycarbonate). Multilayered films with many alternating layers of polymers were produced and exhibited improved breakdown characteristics due to the development of a treeing type failure mechanism. In addition, a reduction of polarization hysteresis was observed due to layer confinement effects on the solid state structure of PVDF.

PREDICTION OF CRAZING AND BIREFRINGENCE IN ORIENTED GLASSY POLYMERS
Christopher Buckley, Davide DeFocatiis, May 2011

A study has been made of prediction of crazing stress and birefringence in oriented glassy polymers. The ROLIEPOLY (RP) polymer rheological model proposed by Likhtman and Graham (2003) was employed, together with the Kramer theory of crazing (1983). Predictions were tested by comparison with results of a new experimental study of crazing and birefringence in monodisperse grades of polystyrene, following model melt-stretching histories. The RP model produced accurate predictions of birefringence, provided orientation occurred on a time-scale slower than the entanglement Rouse relaxation time. Crazing stress was predicted successfully with the model under the same conditions.

COMPARISON OF HOT PLATE, VIBRATION, INFRARED AND COMBINED INFRARED WITH VIBRATION WELDING OF ASA
Abbass Mokhtarzadeh, Avi Benatar, Chung Wu, May 2011

Hot plate, vibration, IR, and combined IR heating with vibration welding of ASA were studied. For hot plate welding it was found that higher hot plate temperature and longer heating times improved the weld strength with the strongest welds approaching the bulk strength. For IR welding there was an optimum heating time, but even for that time the weld strength was significantly lower than for other processes. Vibration welding of ASA resulted in weld strengths that were about 72% of the bulk strength. Combined IR heating with vibration welding resulted in just a slight improvement over vibration welding alone.










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