SPE Library


The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Conference Proceedings

Comparison of Crystallization between Water-Assisted and Gas-Assisted Injection Molding Part of Semicrystalline Polymer Based on Numerical Simulation
Shen Changyu, Zhou Yingguo, Chen Jingbo, May 2007

Water-assisted injection molding (WAIM) and gas-assisted injection molding (GAIM) are two innovative process based on the conventional injection molding. Because of the difference between water and gas, the crystallization of part manufactured by WAIM and GAIM has a discrepancy. In order to compare the difference, a simplified mathematics model was created. Moreover, the simulation code was completed and numerical simulation was carried out. The simulation result shows the WAIM parts of the semi-crystallizing polymer will scarcely crystallize and have a short cooling time because of the fast cooling effects of water.

The Effect of Temperature on the Modulus of Elasticity of Non-Linear Viscoelastic Materials
C. Dallner, E. Schmachtenberg, May 2007

Understanding the effect of temperature is decisive to describe the deformation behaviour of viscoelastic materials. There is still no unambiguous evidence whether the elastic part of the deformation is influenced by temperature. Within the scope of this paper both viscoelastic properties and elastic deformation are investigated separately. Therefore, thermoreversible rearrangements (time-, temperature-, strain- and stress-dependent) based on dynamic, creep and relaxation experiments up to the nonlinear viscoelastic range are measured and modeled. A significant difference in the limit of linear viscoelasticity below and above the glass transition temperature is shown. These investigations can be the basis for a more effective use of thermoplastics in the future.

Recycled Vinyl Wallpaper- A New Composite
Karnik Tarverdi, May 2007

Mechanical recycling of waste polymeric based composites allows production of same or similar products, but in the case of vinyl wallpaper the quality of recovered material combines the cellulose component with the vinyl PVC resulting in a new composite which can have completely different applications compared with the original vinyl wallpaper.Vinyl wallpaper is generally composed of Polyvinyl chloride combined with cellulose fibre and with certain formulations a small percentage of different polymer based additives.It has been demonstrated and described in a previous presentation that this post industrial waste material can be recycled, the present paper will demonstrate that this recyclate can be claimed to be a new vinyl based composite. The present paper will also demonstrate advantages of using modified extrusion technology to recycle wallpaper continuously without degradation of base components. With properties characterisation and evaluation it will be demonstrated that this material can have different applications compared with vinyl wallpaper.

Highly Conductive Epoxy Composites for Application as Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCS)
Ling Du, Sadhan C. Jana, May 2007

Electrically conductive graphite-filled epoxy composites were developed by solution intercalation mixing of epoxy resins with expanded graphite (EG) and carbon black (CB), followed by compression molding and curing for application as bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). High in-plane conductivity of 200-500 S/cm compared to DOE target value of 100 S/cm was achieved with good mechanical properties. The flexural modulus, flexural strength and impact strength were 2.08×104 MPa, 72 MPa, and 173 J/m respectively. The composites also showed high glass transition temperatures (Tg ~ 141°C) and high thermal degradation temperatures (T2 ~ 415°C). Hygrothermal effects on electrical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties were evaluated especially under acidic conditions. The maximum water absorption was found to be 1-2 % by weight for these composites, compared to 4-5% for cured EP resins without fillers. SEM micrographs suggested no change in morphology due to reflux in water and acid.

Production of a Tractor Cab Roof Module Using Direct In-Line Compounding of Long Glass Fiber Thermoplastics
Scott Ledebuhr, Darin Grinsteinner, Scott Snowberger, May 2007

Composite Products, Inc. continually adapts their Advantage In-Line Compounding Process to produce products that use novel composite molding tools and methods. In a recent agricultural application, a tractor cab roof combined long glass fiber thermoplastics with innovative tooling and molding methods to simultaneously maximize structure and aesthetic appearance. Additionally, significant cost and performance advantages were realized through part consolidation, material waste reduction, reduction in manufacturing steps at the OEM, and corrosion resistance. The launch of this product was achieved through the successful combination of materials, tooling and process.

Effects of Molding Process on Residual Fiber Length of Long Fiber Polypropylene Composites
William T. Short, Edward J. Wenzel, May 2007

Fiber length distributions were determined for long fiber polypropylene composites reinforced with carbon, glass or glass-organic fibers from pultruded pellets, chopped fiber, or in-line roving, and molded by multiple long fiber thermoplastic injection (LFT-IM) or extrusion-compression molding (LFT-ECM) processes. All processes degraded the fiber length significantly. Injection molding processes reduced fiber length by up to 90%, much more than LFT-ECM, which produced broad, asymmetrical residual length distributions, with substantial amounts of much longer fibers.

Influence of Injection Molding Parameters on One-Stage Injection Stretch Blow Molding
Meng-Chih Chen, Chih-Lin Hsu, Chao-Tsai Huang, Wen-Hsien Yang, Chia-Hsun Chen, Kun-Chang Lin, May 2007

The advantages of one-stage injection stretch blow molding (ISBM) are energy efficiency and high productivity as reheating is not necessary. However, due to the complexity of operation parameters from raw material through injection molding to the end products, a conventional trial-and-error method is ineffective to predict and control this process. Hence, how to correctly integrate injection and blow molding sequentially is in a great demand. In this study, a comparative investigation between one-stage and two-stage processes is performed firstly. Then in one-stage system, the influence of various operation parameters during the injection stage on product forming is conducted numerically.

Development of New Ionomers with Novel Gas Permeation Properties
John C. Chen, May 2007

Ethylene ionomers, such as Surlyn® from DuPont™, have been the premium sealant materials for packaging applications due to their excellent seal strength and process robustness. The ethylene ionomers achieve the unique property characteristics through the development of a network morphology. In this paper the development of new ethylene ionomers will be discussed. The versatile compositions and the unique morphology of the new ionomers will be presented together with the novel gas permeability properties. Their enhanced breathability to oxygen, carbon dioxide, moisture, etc., selective permeability, and smart barrier properties will be presented.

Improved Properties and Cost Efficiencies of Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Enhanced Forming Films
Paul D. Tatarka, May 2007

Cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) can provide film producers and packaging converters with an opportunity to create thermoforming films. COCs are amorphous thermoplastics with excellent moisture barrier, high temperature stability and stiffness. Mono- and multi-layer examples of LLDPE-based forming films, compared against commercially available products, clearly demonstrate how well the addition of COC improves physical properties, thermoforming and packaging performance. COC improves material distribution of LLDPE formed trays. These improvements enable the formed tray to withstand higher crushing force. Enhanced performance permits possibility of down gauging.

Determination of the Mechanical Properties of a PVC Coated Wire with a New Clamping Fixture for Rotational Rheometers
Jan Philip Plog, Jint Nijman, Klaus Oldörp, May 2007

Car electronic components are potentially subjected to a very wide temperature range compared with electronic components in domestic appliances for example. In (very) cold regions temperatures can get as low a -60 °C and in the engine bay of a car temperatures of 100 °C and higher (near the engine) are easily reached. In cars these extreme temperatures not only put high demands on high tech components like printed circuit boards but also on the electrical wires in wire looms.We have studied the mechanical properties of PVC coated copper wire in a wide temperature range before and after subjecting the wire to an elevated temperature for a certain defined time.

Development of Polycarbonate Diffuser Films for Liquid Crystal Displays
E. Elif Gurel, Phil M. Peters, John Graf, May 2007

In many current Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) systems, it is required to have light diffusing components. Light diffusing components are utilized to improve uniformity in illumination and increase viewing angle. They also serve to mask artifacts. For instance, the films are used to hide injection molded or printed patterns on the light guide pipe of the display or to reduce the appearance of moiré patterns generated by the interference of the LCD pixels with other regular structures within the system. In a typical LCD display, diffusion of light is introduced into the backlight assembly by adding separate films (i.e., a stack) that are comprised of a non-diffusing substrate to which a highly irregular, diffusing surface treatment is applied or attached. In this study, we present GE’s polycarbonate film systems to generate diffuse light in a monolithic film structure utilizing bulk diffusing additives. The relationship between the material properties of the bulk diffuser and the functional properties of the films is discussed.

Photoinitiated Grafting of N-Vinylpyrrolidone onto Poly (Lactic Acid) Film
Mario H. Gutierrez-Villarreal, Mayra G. Ulloa-Hinojosa, Jose P.Gaona-Lozano, May 2007

Polylactic acid (PLA) film with good wettability and versatile reactivity was produced by photoinitiated grafting of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) onto its surface using benzophenone (BP) as the initiator. The PLA film was melt extruded and a known amount of monomer solution containing the photoinitiator BP was deposited between two films, the assembled unit was irradiated under UV light at room temperature under nitrogen. The surface photografting parameters- grafting percent (Gp) and grafting efficiency (Ge) were obtained. The films resulting from this treatment were analyzed using differential UV spectroscopy, and water contact angle.

Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Eco-Composites by Wetlay Processing
Wei Zhang, Hailing Yang, Ronald D. Moffitt, May 2007

Hammer-mill processed bamboo fibers were used as the reinforcement fiber for an eco-composite made from wetlaid non-woven mats using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers as the binding fibers. These eco-composites, containing up to 70 wt.% bamboo fibers, were compression molded and tested using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in three-point-bending mode. The thermal behavior of the consolidated PET matrix was analyzed using a DSC. While all composites exhibited very good mechanical properties, the one with 40 wt.% bamboo fibers displayed the highest modulus. The glass transition activation energy calculated from time-temperature superposition suggests that some components from bamboo or moisture lowered the activation energy as the bamboo content increased.

Polyphenylene Ether Macromonomers. I. Property Enhancements in Thermoset Resins via Novel Telechelic Oligomers
Edward N. Peters, Alexey Kruglov, Erik Delsman, Hua Guo, Alvaro Carrillo, Gerardo Rocha, May 2007

Unique low molecular weight polyphenylene ether telechelic copolymers were designed specifically for use in a variety of thermosetting resins. These macromonomers have high solubility in common solvents and monomers and tailored functionality to co-polymerize via step-growth or chain-growth polymerization. The incorporation of these copolymers in epoxy and styrene based thermoset resins results in single-phase thermoset materials with enhanced performance. Noticeably, the glass transition temperature and toughness increase, the dielectric constant and loss factor decrease with increasing PPE content. These new materials thus show a property set very well suited for next generation electronic materials.

Preparation and UV Weathering of Polyethylene Nanocomposites.
S. Sánchez Valdes, M. Luisa López Quintanilla, C. González Cantu, J. Guillermo Martínez Colunga, May 2007

Polyethylene / montmorillonite (PE/MMT) nanocomposites films were prepared by blending in the molten state: Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), montmorillonite clay, and polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (LDPE-g-MA) or zinc neutralized carboxylate ionomer (Surlyn B) as compatibilizers. A chemically modified clay Closite 20A has been used. Nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending in a twin-screw extruder by using two-step mixing. Characterization of the nanocomposites was performed by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electronic microscope (TEM) techniques. Changes in UV irradiated nanocomposites film samples were characterized by FTIR. The results were analyzed in terms of the effect of the compatibilizing agent in the clay dispersion, and UV degradation of the nanocomposite.

Effects of Melt Rotation on Warpage Phenomena in Injection Molding
Ching-Chang Chien, Yi-Hui Peng, Wen-Li Yang, Rong-Yeu Chang, May 2007

Shear induced imbalanced filling in a geometrically balanced runner system is always a difficult problem to handle in injection molding. Moreover, the shear-induced temperature variation across the cross section also affects the warpage result. Previous research proposed that the melt rotation apparatus could control the warpage phenomena of parts. In this paper, we have proposed a new methodology to analyze this injection process. The comparison between the simulation and experiments can demonstrate and verify the warpage phenomena. The results show that the proposed methodology is a highly valuable tool to understand the melt rotation effects.

Process Time Reduction in Blow Moulding Process with Conformal Cooling
S.H. Masood, V.S. Jeyasingh, May 2007

This paper presents the design and application of novel straight conformal cooling channels in reducing the process time for blow moulding process using the finite element analysis. Different configurations of cooling channels are designed for a blow mould of a plastic motor oil bottle and they are tested by running steady state and transient thermal analysis in Pro/Mechanica Thermal software to predict the cooling time. Results are compared with conventional channels with modified geometry. Results predict that proper layout of cooling channels can reduce the process cycle time by around 44% compared to conventional cooling layout.

Intelligent Quality Prediction in Injection Molding
Chia-Hsiang Hsu, Chuan-Wei Chang, Jyh-Jer Jwo, May 2007

Quality of injection-molded parts is determined by a lot of factors, such as machine, plastic material, operation conditions and others. Normally, using numerical or experimental method to examine and control all parameters is still very difficult. In this study, we proposed a computational intelligence-based method to obtain the optimal process windows systematically. In addition to this, this method can be used as an on-line monitor to predict part quality from process dynamics data. This method combines design of experiment (DOE) and neural network techniques for intelligent quality prediction. This approach is a potential method to improve the molding stability and molded part quality.

Impact Performance of Pe Butt Fusion Welded Joints
Betiana Acha, Valeria Pettarin, Patricia M. Frontini, May 2007

Through this work the rapid crack propagation of PE butt-fusion welded joints was evaluated with impact tests performed on sharp notched specimens at varying temperature and test velocity. The effect of test velocity was studied by means of the impact strength at 20ºC and 1, 2 and 3.7 m/s. The effect of test temperature was assessed at 1 m/s where dynamic effects are small and allow the application of Fracture Mechanics techniques. The Impact Toughness, Jc, was determined in a wide range of temperature (–60 to 20ºC). Complementary, SEM was carried out on fracture surfaces to elucidate the deformation mechanisms acting. It was found that independent of the testing conditions, they were only slightly inhibited in the welded samples suggesting that fracture propagation was practically not affected by the welding procedure.

The Yielding of Propylene Polymers
Laura A. Fasce, Valeria Pettarin, Patricia M. Frontini, Claudia Marano, Marta Rink, May 2007

The use of toughened propylene-based polymers in engineering applications has increased the demand for relevant data regarding yielding behavior in complex stress states. Through this work the yield behavior of polypropylene homopolymer, polypropylene copolymers and polypropylene elastomeric polyethylene mechanical blends was studied. This investigation proves that Modified Von Mises criterion provides reasonable predictions of the biaxial macroscopic yield behavior of these materials despite the inherent tendency of PP to deform by crazing. The incorporation of a second elastomeric-phase by melt blending or increasing crystallinity does not change the pressure dependency of PP polymers. The studied copolymers exhibited a more pronounced yield stress sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure than homopolymers and mechanical blends. Yielding envelopes decrease with increasing elastomer content in mechanical blends and enlarge with increasing crystallinity.










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