SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF SULFONATED POLYSTYRENE IONOMERS
The rheological behavior of the alkali metal salts of oligomeric (Mw = 4 kg/mol) sulfonated polystyrene ionomers (SPS) was characterized using dynamic and steady shear measurements. Sulfonation increased the melt viscosity of the PS, by as much as 4 orders of magnitude, and the zero shear viscosity scaled with the Coulombic strength of the cation Although Mw was below the entanglement molecular weight, the ionomer melts exhibited strong elastic behavior.
SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE DISPERSION WITH ELECTROSTATICALLY TETHERED NANOPLATELETS
We report an exceptionally effective method for physically pulling nanotube bundles apart by utilizing electrostatically tethered nanoplatelets to gather and concentrate sonication energy at the surface of nanotube aggregates. Following dispersion, the nanoplatelets can be separated from the nanotubes by tuning the ionic strength of the medium. This colloidal approach obviates the need to drastically modify nanotube surface chemistry to achieve full exfoliation, thereby preserving their intrinsic properties.
FILLING SIMULATION AND TEMPERATURE PREDICTION IN HOT RUNNER SYSTEMS
A simulation based on the Radial Functions Method was
implemented to estimate temperature and flow in hot
runner systems during the mold filling process of a discshaped
mold cavity. The simulation predicts temperature
developments inside the hot runner and its effects on the
temperature distribution inside the cavity. Filling cycles
were repeated until the system reached steady state
condition.
THE USE OF BETA NUCLEATION TO IMPROVE THE IMPACT STRENGTH
AND REDUCE THE WARPAGE OF POLYPROPYLENE CAPS & CLOSURES
We have developed a unique masterbatch that can
be used to produce polypropylene caps and closures
containing the beta crystalline phase of PP. These caps
exhibit dramatically improved impact strength without a
significant loss of other desirable physical properties.
Another benefit of beta-nucleated closures is improved
dimensional stability and reduced warpage. The
masterbatch can be added during molding of the closures
by blending pellets of the masterbatch with that of the PP
resin and no pre-compounding is required.
THE USE OF BETA NUCLEATION TO IMPROVE THE IMPACT STRENGTH AND REDUCE THE WARPAGE OF POLYPROPYLENE CAPS & CLOSURES
We have developed a unique masterbatch that can be used to produce polypropylene caps and closures containing the beta crystalline phase of PP. These caps exhibit dramatically improved impact strength without a significant loss of other desirable physical properties. Another benefit of beta-nucleated closures is improved dimensional stability and reduced warpage. The masterbatch can be added during molding of the closures by blending pellets of the masterbatch with that of the PP resin, and no pre-compounding is required.
SUDDEN FAILURE OF FINAL GRP PRODUCTS
Experience of application of chimney liner, process pipes, ducts, scrubbers, and other kinds of equipment demonstrates that under operating conditions their failure can occur. Failure occurs because of formation of cracks in chemically resistant layer of GRP multilayered structure. The structural and technological factors causing the failure of final GRP products are considered.
UNDERSTANDING THE ASTM METHOD FOR HEAT BUILD-UP
In reviewing the ASTM method for heat build-up one is
curious as to the robustness of the method. The test
method is designed for PVC only.
UNDERSTANDING THE ASTM METHOD FOR HEAT BUILD-UP
In reviewing the ASTM method for heat build-up one is curious as to the robustness of the method. The test method is designed for PVC only.
ULTRASONIC DIAGNOSIS OF THE VIBRATION BEHAVIOR OF SCREWS IN A
SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDER
Ultrasonic diagnostic method of screw behavior
during extrusion has been designed developed and
evaluated for a single screw extruder. It was found that
under the same processing conditions and depending on
the past history of the equipment usage the vibration
behavior of screws in the inspected processing equipment
could vary noticeably and the vibration pattern repeated
itself at every two screw revolutions. Results suggest that
the vibration behavior of the screw is dictated by how the
screw is engaged in and the status of the gearbox.
ULTRASONIC DIAGNOSIS OF THE VIBRATION BEHAVIOR OF SCREWS IN A SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDER
Ultrasonic diagnostic method of screw behavior during extrusion has been designed, developed, and evaluated for a single screw extruder. It was found that under the same processing conditions and depending on the past history of the equipment usage, the vibration behavior of screws in the inspected processing equipment could vary noticeably and the vibration pattern repeated itself at every two screw revolutions. Results suggest that the vibration behavior of the screw is dictated by how the screw is engaged in and the status of the gearbox.
BREAKTHROUGH INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN DIE DESIGN FOR POLYMER PROCESSING
After a polymer has been converted from a solid to amolten state, it must be processed into a final shape tohave value to a customer. This final shape may be apellet, a film, a sheet, a profile, or many other finalgeometries. This paper will discuss some of thebreakthrough inventions and innovations in die design thatare used to produce this vast array of final polymerproduct shapes.
SHAPING THE EXPERTS OF TOMORROW: PREPARING THE WORKFORCE OF THE FUTURE
With the retiring baby-boomers, educational challenges, poor public perception of manufacturing, and difficult economic climate, we are on the cusp of entering one of the most challenging times in American manufacturing. American manufacturers within all industries will be faced with tremendous difficulty in finding the skilled workforce they need to be competitive in todayƒ??s market. We need to identify the problem and layout a feasible first step in addressing it if we hope to minimize the impact.
IMPACT RESISTANCE AND RAMAN CHARACTERIZATION OF Al2O3/ZnO POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) NANOCOMPOSITES
In the present work, composites comprised of oxide nanoparticles in a PMMA matrix were studied and the Raman shifts associated with the interfacial moieties were identified and correlated with possible structures.The potential effects of these structural perturbations on composite properties are considered.
A ONE-STEP EXTRUSION PROCESS FOR PREPARING POLYOLEFIN/CLAY
NANOCOMPOSITES USING SODIUM MONTMORILLONITE
Polyolefin/clay nanocomposites were fabricated
by directly melt compounding polyethylene with sodium
montmorillonite a poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) ionomer
compatibilizer and a quaternary ammonium salt in a
simple one-step extrusion process. The effects of
processing conditions salt structure and concentration on
the clay dispersion morphology and mechanical
properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction
transmission electron microscopy and mechanical testing.
A ONE-STEP EXTRUSION PROCESS FOR PREPARING POLYOLEFIN/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES USING SODIUM MONTMORILLONITE
Polyolefin/clay nanocomposites were fabricated by directly melt compounding polyethylene with sodium montmorillonite, a poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) ionomer compatibilizer and a quaternary ammonium salt in a simple one-step extrusion process. The effects of processing conditions, salt structure and concentration on the clay dispersion, morphology and mechanical properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and mechanical testing.
PART WEIGHT CONTROL VIA MODEL FREE OPTIMIZATION
FOR INJECTION MOLDING
Quality requirements of injection molding parts have
become more and more stringent. Part weight is one of the
most important quality characteristics. A model free
optimization method based on the simultaneous
perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) method is
presented for the weight control of injection molded parts.
The experimental results using different materials show
that this model free optimization method is effective for
the part weight control.
PART WEIGHT CONTROL VIA MODEL FREE OPTIMIZATION FOR INJECTION MOLDING
Quality requirements of injection molding parts have become more and more stringent. Part weight is one of the most important quality characteristics. A model free optimization method based on the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) method is presented for the weight control of injection molded parts.The experimental results using different materials show that this model free optimization method is effective for the part weight control.
ENZYMATICALLY AND CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ABACA FIBRE FOR PP COMPOSITES
Abaca fibre reinforced PP composites were prepared using a high speed mixer followed by injection moulding with 30% of fibre load. Prior to composite production, the fibre was modified by o- hydroxy benzene diazonium salts, synthetic and natural enzyme. The effect of modification of the fibre was assessed on the basis of moisture resistance, mechanical, thermal properties of the resulting composites. Coupling agent (PPMA 6452) has been used to increase the interaction between fibre and polymer matrix.
PLA COMPOSITES REINFORCED BY WHEAT AND RYE HUSK
PLA-composite materials were prepared by
injection moulding process through high speed hot-cool
melt compounding process with 40 wt% loads of husk.
Chain extender (Joncryl ADR 4368) has been used during
the melt mixer. To characterize the composites materials
morphology mechanical (tensile flexural and charpy)
thermal (crystallinity Tg and Tm) and rheological (melt
flow rate viscosity) properties were studied and the
properties were compared to soft wood fibre composite’s
properties.
PLA COMPOSITES REINFORCED BY WHEAT AND RYE HUSK
PLA-composite materials were prepared by injection moulding process through high speed hot-cool melt compounding process with 40 wt% loads of husk.Chain extender (Joncryl ADR 4368) has been used during the melt mixer. To characterize the composites materials, morphology, mechanical (tensile, flexural and charpy) thermal (crystallinity, Tg and Tm) and rheological (melt flow rate, viscosity) properties were studied and the properties were compared to soft wood fibre compositeƒ??s properties.
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