SPE Library


The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.

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Conference Proceedings

Improvements to Laser Processing of Thin Polymer Films - Using Non-Standard Novel Laser Wavelengths
Tony Hoult, Bill Dinauer, May 2004

Highly reliable high power carbon dioxide lasers are being increasingly employed in the converting industry. New laser sources with different wavelengths are available to allow more controlled laser cutting and perforating processes. These process advantages are thought to be due to enhanced absorption of certain thermoplastics at these shorter wavelengths and this paper investigates these.

Force Measurement during Vibration Welding of Nylon 66
X.Y. Dai, G. Park, P.J. Bates, May 2004

An experimental technique for measuring the shear forces generated during vibration welding is presented. It involves the use of piezoelectric shear force transducers mounted under the fixture on the lifting table. Using unreinforced and 30% glass fibre reinforced nylon 66 T-welds, the force was measured in real time under a range of weld pressures and weld amplitudes. The shear stress amplitude is observed to depend strongly on the type of material, the welding parameters and the specific phase of the vibration welding process.

Automotive Plastic Fuel Tank Systems
Kenneth W. Albaugh, May 2004

The manufacturing of Plastic Fuel Systems is an ever changing and technology driven field. The field is influenced by governmental emission standards that are becoming tougher to meet with plastic fuel tanks. Several new technologies have been developed to accommodate the environmental legislative changes.

Through-Transmission Laser Welding of Nylon - Breaking the Moisture Barrier
Steven A. Kocheny, Val A. Kagan, John Macur, May 2004

For through-transmission laser welding (TTLW), basic studies include optical and mechanical data of nylon at dry-as molded conditions". Recent developments have been oriented toward the influence of accumulated moisture on optical and mechanical characterization of laser welded nylon 6. Results from this report provide supporting data that moisture in nylon is not a barrier for laser technology and the mechanical performance of welded parts."

Design Flexibility in Waveguides and Lightpipes for TTIr Plastics Welding
Scott Caldwell, Paul Rooney, May 2004

Waveguides and lightpipes can be used for simultaneous TTIr plastics welding. There are various new improvements in the waveguide and lightpipe technology, including optical horned, tapered, lensed, side looking, and part incorporating waveguides and lightpipes, that enhance weldability, weld quality, and cycle times.

Practical Joint Designs for Laser Welding of Thermoplastics
Thomas R. Kirkland, May 2004

In recent years, much work has been done on laser welding of thermoplastics. The process has been well characterized through the use of test plaques. This paper discusses practical considerations of laser joint design, including an examination of the advantages and disadvantages of collapse-type joints and non-collapse or contained welding joints. Issues such as reflection and low transmissibility and low absorption materials are discussed from the part designer's point of view.

Industrial Applications for Laser Welding of Plastics
Michael Cherdron, May 2004

The possibility for laser welding of plastics has been researched over the past years with the results of the technology going in various directions. The Approach of laser welding plastic components in Industrial applications utilizing the Quasi-simultaneous laser welding (QSLS) has been quite successful.

In-Process Temperature Measurement in Extrusion Using Continuous Wave Ultrasound
K. Trivedi, D. Cuff, Charles L. Thomas, May 2004

In this work a continuous wave ultrasound system was investigated for application to in process temperature measurement for extrusion. Work to date includes preliminary studies of the feasibility and initial laboratory based tests showing sensitivity of the signal to temperature changes.

In-Process Viscosity Monitoring for Extrusion Control
Marion McAfee, Steve Thompson, G.M. McNally, May 2004

Melt viscosity during extrusion is a strong indicator of product quality, hence measurement of this variable in real-time is a key target for process control. The suitability of different methods of viscosity monitoring for application in a control scheme is assessed in this work. The responses of in-line and on-line rheometers to steady state and dynamic conditions are investigated. Also, the ability to infer viscosity by monitoring of other process variables is considered.

Injection Moulding Process Assessment by Energy Monitoring
A.J. Dawson, P.D. Coates, R. Collis, L. Owen, D. Owen, H.S. Rajamani, May 2004

The potential for process and production measurements on injection moulding machines using non-invasive, energy measurements is examined. High-speed energy measurements are shown to provide similar information to more traditional process measurements. Energy measurements may also provide additional information for use in process troubleshooting. It is concluded that energy monitoring can provide a fingerprint" of a process and hence can be used for product quality control."

Ultrasonic Monitoring of Gas assisted Injection Moulding (GAIM)
E.C. Brown, L. Mulvaney-Johnson, P.D. Coates, May 2004

In-process measurements using ultrasonic technology provide a powerful yet non-invasive insight into material conditions. In the injection-moulding cavity, information on filling and solidification detection can be measured. The transit time of longitudinal ultrasonic waves through HDPE has been measured during gas assisted injection moulding (GAIM), indicating the ability of this technology to assess part wall thickness in-situ before mould opening.

Effect of Nano-Size Clay Particles on the Flexural Properties of Syntactic Foams
Nikhil Gupta, Guoqiang Li, H. Dwayne Jerro, Eyassu Woldesenbet, Su-Seng Pang, May 2004

Effect of incorporation of nano-size clay particles on the flexural properties of syntactic foams is studied in the present work. Nanoclay particles are incorporated in syntactic foams in the volume fraction of 2 and 5%. Total volume fraction of glass microballoons and nanoclay is maintained at 0.65. Three-point bending tests are carried out in accordance to the standards ASTM D790-02. Flexural strength is found to increase with nanoclay content.

Measurement of Sintering Characteristics of Clay-Reinforced Polyamide 6 Nanocomposite
J. Kim, T.S. Creasy, May 2004

Sintering characteristics of clay nanoparticle/polyamide 6 composite were studied for applications in Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing. Sintered nanocomposite powders showed lower final density than the standard polymer due to increased resistance to low shear rate deformation. Because of this flow resistance, rapid prototyping processing parameters such as part-bed temperature and laser power must be adjusted.

Biocomposite Sheet Molding Compound Housing Panels and Their Properties
G. Mehta, L.T. Drzal, A.K. Mohanty, K. Thayer, M. Misra, May 2004

A novel high volume processing technique called a 'biocomposite stampable sheet molding compound panel' (BCSMCP) manufacturing process was developed to mimic the continuous sheet molding compound (SMC) currently used in making glass fiber-polyester resin composites.

Graphite Platelet/Nylon Nanocomposites
Hiroyuki Fukushima, Sung Ho Lee, Lawrence T. Drzal, May 2004

Natural crystalline graphite based graphite intercalated compounds [GICs] were exfoliated into sub-micron graphite flakes. Graphite nanocomposites were fabricated by combining the exfoliated graphite flakes with nylon66 resin. The mechanical properties of these composites showed considerably higher modulus than those of composites made with commercially available carbon reinforcing materials (i.e., CF, VGCF, and Carbon Black).

Optimizing the Incorporation of Nanoscopic Reinforcing Material into a Polymer Matrix by Ball Milling
Alissa Saenz, Richard Knight, Thomas Twardowski, May 2004

High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray can create dense composite coatings. In ongoing experiments, composite feedstock powders composed of nanoscopic silica and nylon 11 were ball milled for up to 48 hours. Ashing indicated complete silica incorporation within the first half hour. Microscopy showed other physical changes occurring after additional milling.

Structural Beams and Panels from Natural Fibers through Hybrid and Hierarchical Cellular Designs
Rigoberto Burgueño, Mario J. Quagliata, Amar K. Mohanty, Manjusri Misra, Geeta Mehta, Lawrence T. Drza, May 2004

Natural fiber composites (biocomposites) can be used in load-bearing components by improving their efficiency through hybrid and hierarchical cellular material designs. Experimental and analytical studies evaluated the material and structural short-term performance of material systems and laboratory-scale cellular beams and plates. Results indicate the potential of biocomposites for structural components.

Green Composites from Biofibers and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
Amar K. Mohanty, Lawrence T. Drzal, Prasad Mulukutla, Shrojal M. Desai, Manju Misra, May 2004

Eco-friendly green" composite materials are fabricated from inexpensive chopped natural fiber and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) through extrusion followed by injection molding processing. The incorporation of natural fiber in to the composite structure improved the modulus and impact strength of virgin bioplastic. Maleated PHB is synthesized by us and is also used as a compatibilizer in PHB based biocomposites."

Properties and Morphology of TPO-Based Nanocomposites
Hyuk-soo Lee, Paula D. Fasulo, William R. Rodgers, Donald R. Paul, May 2004

Thermoplastic polyolefin nanocomposites based on polypropylene/elastomer/organoclay were prepared in a twin-screw extruder. Mechanical properties and thermal expansion behavior were measured and compared with composite theory. These properties will be discussed in terms of the morphology of the dispersed clay and rubber phases and the characteristics of the matrix and dispersed phases.

Internet Controlled Thermoplastic Impregnation of Glass Fibers Yarns with Pultrusion
Pritam Das, Ozgu Ozturk, Justin Molenaur, R. Byron Pipes, May 2004

The process for thermoplastic pultrusion of glass fiber yarns is controlled with data acquisition software via the Internet. Consisting of the fiber distribution system with the guidance device, extruder, impregnation chamber, cooling unit, pulling mechanism, and take up device, the pultrusion line is operated and/or monitored remotely to obtain optimum performance.










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